Cyanophyta recorded in Erbil ,Kurdistan region of Iraq
Janan Jabbar Toma1 * and Bahram K.2
1
HawlerBotanical Garden,
Hawler,
Kurdistan
Iraq
http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.8.1.07
Copy the following to cite this article:
Toma J. J, Maulood B. K. Cyanophyta recorded in Erbil ,Kurdistan region of Iraq. Curr World Environ 2013;8(1) DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.8.1.07
Copy the following to cite this URL:
Toma J. J, Maulood B. K. Cyanophyta recorded in Erbil ,Kurdistan region of Iraq. Curr World Environ 2013;8(1). Available from: http://www.cwejournal.org/?p=3363
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The1 may be regard as the first one who did a detail study on algae in Iraq as he studied phytoplankton in Razzah and Al-Habbaniyah. However (2 and 3) did published a periliminary study on algae arround Baghddad, mesopotamia and Kurdistan respectively.
Concurrently with estabilshing different universities in different parts of Iraq during seventy last century attention were given to algal studies in parallel with other branches of sciences.Tens of papers and M.Sc thesis were furnishing the local and international journals with various aspects of algal studies.The university of Sulaimaniah team under the leadership of Prof B.K.Maulood and Bassarah university under leadership of prof Al-Saadi and Haddi (4, 5 and 6).
One of the important outcome of these investigation was the addition of new division of algae to Iraqi & Kurdistan flora, the red algae with more than 6 species have been described in details (7 and 8).
Recently 3 sucesssive check list of algae in Iraq have been produced every decad since 1983.The fourth one is underway for publicationby the Maulood et al.,
A series of keys for identification of different species of cyanophyta have been attempted by Maulood & Aziz but it have been realized that they are not so precise going to apply since quite many more species are continously been added to the flora of Kurdistan & Iraq throughout continous survies this is in one hand, the survey should extend to all other part of the country.On the other hand because of this such attempt should be terminated and not applied.
The present study is dealing with the whole 244 known species of blue green algae within Erbil province and their distribution in variuos habitats such as pond, lake, river, stream, dutches ect---, and appeared in these figures (1, 2, 3, 4 and5) are represnted in different districts within Erbil province.
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Figure 1 :Map of Iraq show Erbil Province Click here to View figure |
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Figure 2: Map of Erbil show Kalak and Al-Kuwayr districts Click here to View figure |
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Figure 3: Map of Erbil show Kasnazan, Shaqlawa and Koysinjaq districts Click here to View figure |
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Figure 4: Map of Erbil show Khalifan, Soran,Rawanduz and Harir districts Click here to View figure |
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Figure 5: Map of Erbil show Choman, and Haji Homaran Click here to View figure |
Description of the Area
The Erbil province (Fig.1) is capital of Kurdistan and situated in the north east of Iraq. It is bounded to the north east and south east by the Greater and Lasser Zab rivers. Boundaries extend from longitudinal 430 15- E to 450 14- E and from latitude35027- N to37024- N(9).
The climate of the area is characterized by a wide diurnal and annual range of temperature.9 The climate most closely related to Irano-Turanian type. The average annual rainfall may exceed 1000mm.The annual average rainfall for Erbil city estimated to be 440mm(10).. Details of geology, pedology and limnology of the area may given in.11
In the present study the habitat and taxonomy of all species that was published in different journals and different peroids of time where gather together and documented in these papers(12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20and 21) as seen in theses figures (1, 2, 3, 4 and5), then after may start such study on other of algae such as green, yellow green, red ect., in Erbil and other different provincve of Kurdistan of Iraq will be dealt with in coming in future.
Results and Discussions
Throughuot a review of all published scientific reliable information about blue green algae in Arbil, it was found that out of 244 species, that have been recorded in Arbil province (Table.1) almost 52.9% are belonging to Oscillatoriales, whereas 30.4% of the genuses are belonging to chroococales. In contrast Oscillatoriales made up less than 22% of the genus, which was less than Nostocales which was more than of Chaemsiphonales & less than Chroococales as well.
Number of species of Oscillatoriales in Arbil was found to be almost double of that of species number of Chroococales and fourfold higher than Nostocales, whereas the number of species of Chaemisphonales was almost ten folds less than that of Oscillatoriales.
The total number of blue green algae in Arbil province makeup almost (54%) of total blue green algae in Iraq, whereas the total blue green algae make up (11%) of all algae of Iraq.
Therefore we may say that Arbil province represent (11%) of blue green algae in Iraq that are distributed throughout different lakes, rivers,stream, pond ect, and throughout the altitude in Kurdistan.
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Table 1: Number of genus and species of blue green algae that recorded during this study Click here to View table |
|
Site |
Type of Algae |
Division : CYANOPHYTA
|
|
|
1-Order: Chroococales
|
|
|
Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
1-Aphanocapsa delicatissma West and West |
|
Degala stream |
A. elachista West and West
|
|
Deygella Mountain stream |
A. elachista var. planctonica G.M. Smith |
|
Kasnazan impoundment , Dlopa basin |
A. endophytica G.M. Smith |
|
Degala stream, Dermanawa spring |
A .montana Cramer |
|
Hamammok spring, Kany Gawra spring |
2-Aphanothece castagnei (Breb. ) Rabenhorst |
|
Dermanawa spring, Jale thermal spring, Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
A. nidularis P. Richter |
|
Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin, Wastewater( at Hawera subdistrict, at Gamsh Tapa village, Greater Zab River at Kunder area) |
A.nidularis var endophytica West & West |
|
Dermanawa spring, Kassnazan impoundment Dilope basin |
A. saxicola Naegeli |
|
Kasnazan impoundment ,Dlopa basin
|
3-Chroococcus dispersus Lemmermann |
|
Wastewater( at Tooraq village, at Arab-Kand village, at Tarijan village), Kassnazan impoundment , Dlopa basin |
C. dispersus var minor G..M.Smith |
|
Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
C. giganteus West and West |
|
Gali Ali-Bag area |
C. hansgirgi Schmidle |
|
Kasnazan impoundment, Shekhi Balakan spring, Sarta spring, Chneran spring, Aqubani saru spring
|
C. limneticus Lemmermann |
|
Wastewater(at Tooraq village, at Arab-Kand village) , Kasnazan impoundment , Dlopa basin |
C.limneticus var elegans G.S.Smith |
|
Basstora stream, wastewater( at Jimakah& Binberz village, at Saadawa village, at Hawera subdistrict,at Gamesh Tapa village) |
C. limneticus var subsalsus Lemmermann |
|
Wastewater(at Tooraq village) |
C. minimus var careneus |
|
Dlopa spring, Jale thermal spring, wastewater(at Tooraq village, at Arab-Kand village, at Tarjan village) , Shekhi Balakan spring, Sarta spring, Chneran spring, Sheraswar spring, Haji Marg, Haji Agha, Haji Ahmad, Kasnazan impoundment, Kasnazan Kahreeze |
C. minor (Ktz.) Naegeli |
|
Dlopa spring, Bahrka spring, Hamammok spring, Basstora stream, Jazshnakan stream, Jazshnakan Kahreeze, Degala stream, Sardaw spring, wastewater( at Jimakah & Binberz village, at Saadawa village, at Hawera village, Greater Zab River at Kunar area), Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin,Debaga spring |
C. minutus (Ktz.) Naegeli |
|
Hamammok spring, Gomaspan darband, wastewater |
C. tenax (Kirchn.) Hieron |
|
Bahrka spring, Basstora stream, Rubary Koya, Gomaspan darband, Sulauke stream, Geli Muzik stream, Shekhi Balakan spring, Azadi spring, zar gali thermal spring, Sheraswar spring, Kani Piawan, Haji marg, Qalasnji Khwaru, Seta spring, Kasnazan impoundment ,Dlopa basin, wastwater(at Jimkah & Binberz village, at Trjan village, at Saadawa village). |
C. turgidus (Ktz.) Naegeli |
|
Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
4-Coelosphaerium dubium Grunow |
|
Degala stream |
C. kuetzingiana Naegeli |
|
Kasnazan impoundment, Kasnazan Kahreeze |
5-Dactylococcopsis fascicularis Lemmermann |
|
Degala stream |
6-Eucapsis alpina Clem .and Schantz |
|
Kassnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin, wastewater(at Tarjan village, at Gamsh Tapa village) |
7-Gloeocapsa aeruginousa (Garm) Keutzing |
|
Gomasheen pond, Kassnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin, wastewater(at Tarjan village, at Saadawa village) |
G. calcarea Tilden |
|
Degala stream, wastewater(at Saadawa village, at Hawera subdistrict, at at Gamsh Tapa village, Greater Zab River at Kudar area) |
G. compacta Kuetz |
|
Gomasheen pond |
G. dermochroe Naegeli |
|
Gali Ali-Bag area |
G. fusco-lutea Naegeli |
|
Suse stream |
G. gelatinosa Kuetz |
|
Kanya gawra( concret tank), Dlopa spring, Hamammok spring, Dermanawa spring |
G. kuetzingiana Naegeli |
|
Kasnazan Kahreeze, Jale thermal spring |
G. luteofusca Martens |
|
Bahrka spring |
G. pluerocapsoids Novacek |
|
Gali Ali-Bag area |
G. polydermatica Kutz |
|
Bahrka spring, Dlopa spring, Kassnazan impoundment, Dermanawa spring |
G. punctate Naegeli |
|
Dermanawa spring |
G. quaternaria Kuetzing |
|
Gali Ali-Bag area, Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
G. rupestris Kutz |
|
Kehres Qoritan |
8-Gloeotheca linearis Naegeli |
|
Degala stream |
9-Gomphosphaeria aponina Kuetzing |
|
Degala stream |
G. mauloodianum Kuetzing |
|
Wastewater( at Tooraq village, at Tarajan village, at Saadawa village, Gamesh Tapa village, at Greater Zab River at Kudar area) |
10-Gleocystis gigas Kuetz |
|
Degala stream, wastewater(at Hawera sub district, at Gamesh Tapa village) |
11-Merismopedia convolute de Brebison |
|
Basstora spring, Hamammok spring, wastewater( at Tooraq at village, Gamesh Tapa village) |
M. elegans A.Braun |
|
Deygella Mountain stream, Basstora spring, Hamammok spring, Dermanawa spring, Rubary Koya, Gomasheen pond, Jazshnekan stream, Kasnazan impoundment, Degala stream |
M. glauca (Ehr.) Naegeli |
|
Gomaspan darband |
M. marsoni A.Braun |
|
Basstora spring, Jazshnekan spring, Degala stream, Dlopa stream, Sheraswar spring, Piawan spring |
M. minima Heck |
|
Bistana spring and stream, Deygella mountain stream, Basstora spring, Hamammok spring, Rubary Koya, Jazshnakan stream, Degala stream, Gomaspan stream, Kasnazan impoundment, Kani -Hunjir spring, wastewater(at Hawera sub district, Greater Zab River at Kudar area) |
M. punctata Heyen |
|
Serta springs(Batas), Azadi spring, Zar gali thermal spring, Aqubani saru spring, Piawan spring, Kasnazan impoundment |
M. tenussima Lemmermann |
|
Bistana spring and stream, Gomaspan darband, Geli muzik stream, Degala stream, Sulauke stream |
M. trolleri Bachmann |
|
Degala stream, wastewater(at Saadawa village, at Hawera sub district) |
12-Microcystis aeruginosa Kuetzing |
|
Wastewater(at Saadawa village, at Hawera sub district) |
M. elongata Nov |
|
Bahrka spring, Dlopa spring, Dermanawa spring, wastewater(at Tooraq village, at Gamesh Tapa village, Greater Zab River at Kudar area) |
M. elabens Breb |
|
Basstora spring |
M. flos-aquae (Wittr.) Kirchner |
|
Bahrka spring, Basstora spring, Degala stream, wastewater(at Tooraq village, at Hawera sub district, Gamesh Tapa village) |
M. marginate (Menegh) Kuetzing |
|
Dibaga spring, Jale thermal spring |
13-Rhabdoderma irregulare Geitler |
|
Jale thermal spring |
14-Synechococcus aeruginosus Naegeli |
|
Dibaga spring, Mersaid thermal spring |
S. elongatus Naegeli |
|
Bahrka spring, Kanya Gawra spring (concret tank) |
15-Synechocystis saline Wisloush |
|
Jale thermal spring, Mersaid thermal spring |
S pevalekii Erecegevic |
|
2-Order : Chamaesiphonalis
|
|
|
Lesser Zab River(Altun Kopre) |
1-Chamaesiphon curvatus Nordst |
|
Bekhal spring, Rubary Koya |
C. siderphilus Starmach |
|
Bekhal spring, Beer a Baraza small spring |
C. siderphilus var. glabra C.B. Rao |
|
Gomaspan darband |
2-Chlorogloea microcystoides Geitter |
|
3-Order: Pleurocapsales |
|
|
Rubary Koya |
1-Hyella caespitosa Born and Flah |
|
Rubary Koya |
2-Myxosarcina burmensis Skuja |
|
Smaqulu bridge |
M. amathystina Skuja |
|
Kasnazan Kahreeze |
M. spectabilis Printz |
|
Kahreeze Qoritan, Kasnazan Kahreeze, Gomasheen pond, Rebury Koya |
3-Pleurocapsa minor Hansginosa |
|
Degala stream |
4-Stichosiphon regularis Skuja |
|
Degala stream, Gomasheen stream, Jazshnakan Kahreeze, Kanya Gawra (concret tank) |
5- Xenococcus kerneri Hansgirg |
|
4-Order: Oscillatoriales |
|
|
Graw Haji Omaran thermal spring |
1-Arthrospira massarti Kuffareth |
|
Degala stream |
2-Borzia trilocularis Cohn |
|
Kanya Gawra, Dlopa spring, Dermanawa spring, Rubary Koya, Kasnazan Kahreeze, Wastewater(at Saadawa village, Greater Zab River at Kudar area) |
3-Lyngbya aerugineo-coerulea (Ktz.) Gomont |
|
Darbandy Gomaspan |
L. allorgi Fermy |
|
Serta spring, Graw Haji Omaran thermal spring, Piawan spring,spigra spring, |
L . bipunctata Lemmermann |
|
Degala stream, Jazshnakan stream |
L. birgei G.M. Smith |
|
Bekhal spring, Graw Haji Omaran thermal spring, Shekhi Balakan spring, Azadi spring |
L. chaetomorphe Iynger and Deskachary |
|
Sisawa spring, Khrwatan spring, Sardaw spring |
L. circumerata G.M. Smith |
|
Qush Tepe(silted channel on Arbil-Kirkuk road), Khrwatan spring, Sardaw spring |
L. contorta Lemmermann |
|
Degala stream |
L. corbierei Fremy |
|
Degala stream, Smaqulu spring |
L. cryptovaginata Schkorbatow |
|
Lesser Zab River (Altun Kopre), Karhres Qoritan, Dolpa spring, Kassnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
L. digueti Gomont |
|
Kassnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
L. epiphytica Hieron |
|
Debaga spring, Beer a Baraza spring, Basstora spring, Degala stream |
L. gardneri (Setchell and Gardner Geitler) |
|
Kany- Hanjir, Piawan spring, Hamammok spring, Dlopa spring, Degala stream |
L. gracilis Rabenh |
|
Degala stream |
L.hojdenii Gomont |
|
Krhres Qoritan, Shekhi Balakan spring, Graw Haji Omaran thermal spring,Chneran spring, Spigra spring |
L. infixa Fremy |
|
Gomaspan stream |
L. kashiapii Ghose |
|
Korre stream, Jazshnakan Kahreeze, Wastewater, Azadi spring, Zar- gali thermal spring, Piawan spring, Qalasnji Khwara spring |
L. kuetzingii Schmidle |
|
Qush Tepe(silted channel on Arbil-Kirkuk road), Kanya Gawra(concret tank), Dermanawa spring, Rubary Koya, Basstora stream, Kasnazan Kahreeze, Gomasheen pond |
L. lachneri (zimm.)Geitler |
|
Kuna Dlopa spring, Korre stream, Shekhi Balakan spring, Zar gali thermal spring, Aqubani Saru spring, Piawan spring |
L. lagerheimii Gomont |
|
Suse stream |
L. laxespirialis Skuja |
|
Wastewater( at Tarjan village) , Suse stream, Kasnazan impoundment, Kasnazan Kahreeze, Dlopa basin |
L. limnetica Lemmer |
|
Wastewater(at Saadawa village, Gamesh Tapa village) |
L. lutea (Ag.) Gomont |
|
Jale thermal spring, Suse stream, Wastewater( at Tarjan village, Gamesh Tapa village), Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
L. martensiana Meneghini |
|
Shekhi Balakan spring, Zar gali thermal spring, Sheraswar spring |
L. mesotrica Skuja |
|
Chneran spring |
L. nordgardhii Wille |
|
Kany Gawra, Dlopa spring, Hamammok spring, Dermanawa spring, Mersaid thermal spring |
L. perelegans Lemmermann |
|
Darbandy Gomaspan stream |
L. putealis Montagne |
|
Kany Shekh spring |
L. semiplena Wille |
|
Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
L. taylorii Drouet and Strickland |
|
Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin, Wastewater(at Tooraq village, at Hawera sub district, Greater Zab River at Kudar area) |
L. versicolor (Wartmann)Gomont |
|
Darbandy Gomaspan stream |
4- Microcoleus acutissimus Gardner |
|
Darbandy Gomaspan stream, Gomasheen stream, Shekhi -Balakan spring, Graw Haji Omaran thermal spring, Piawan spring, Qalasnji saru spring, Haji Ahmad spring |
M. paludosus (Ktz.) Gomont |
|
Basstora stream, Graw Haji Omaran thermal spring, Sheraswar spring, Aqubani saru spring, Spigra spring, Seta spring |
M. vaginatus (Vauch.) Gomont |
|
Basstora stream, Zar gali thermal spring, Qalasnji Khwaru spring, Haji Ahmad spring, Wastewater(at Tooraq village, at Jimakah & Binberz village) |
5-Oscillatoria acuta Bruhl and Biswas |
|
Kasnazan impoundment, Sulauke stream, Wastewater( at Arab-Kand village, at Tarjan village, Gamesh Tapa village) |
O. acuminatum Gomont |
|
Shekhi Balakan spring, Qalasnji Khwaru spring |
O. acutissima Kufferath |
|
Serta spring, Korre small stream, Bistana stream and spring, Khrwatan spring, Kany Shekh, Smaqulu spring, Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
O. agardhii Gomont |
|
Kuna Dlopa spring, Rubary Koya, Hamammok spring, Sarta spring, Kany Harir, Sardaw spring, Sorad spring, Shekhi Balakan spring, Zar gali thermal spring, Grawi Haji Omaran thermal spring, Azadi spring, Aquabani Sara spring, Piawan spring, Haji Agha spring, Qalasnji Khwaru spring, Smaqulu spring, Wastewater(at Tooraq village, at Arab-Kand village), Gomasheen pond, Jazshnakan stream, Degala stream, Kasnazan spring, Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
O. amoena (Ktz.) Gomont |
|
Shekhi Balakan spring, Zar gali thermal spring, Sarta spring, Haji Agha spring,Sheraswar spring |
O. amoena var. nongranulata Ghose |
|
Qush Tepe silted channel on Arbil –Kirkuk road, Pir Dawood pond, Grawi Haji Omaran thermal spring, Sarta spring, Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
O. amphibia Agardh |
|
Bawyan spring near Batas, Mulla Omer fouled channel on Arbil Massif road |
O. amphigranulata Van Goor |
|
Bawyan spring near Batas, Bekhal spring, Grawi Haji Omaran thermal spring, Azadi spring, Aquabani saru spring, Spigra spring |
O. anguina (Bory) Gomont |
|
Dermanawa spring |
O. animelis Agardh |
|
Grawi Haji Omaran thermal spring, Azadi spring |
O. annae Gomont |
|
Kahres Qoritan outflow on Arbil Makhmur road, Wastewater(at Saadawa village, Hawera sub district, Greater Zab River at Kudar area) |
O. articulata Gardner |
|
Wastewater( at Tooraq village, at Jimakah &Binberz village, Gamesh Tapa village) |
O. boryana Bory |
|
Kasnazan impoundment, Dlopa basin |
O. brevis (Ktz.) Gomont |
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