mail.cwejournal.org Current World Environment en-us https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/knowledge-based-system-for-environmental-monitoring-of-contract-areas-in-the-caspian-sea/ 2014-08-21 2018-12-10 IntroductionCurrently, the throughout offshore Caspian environmental monitoring of Contract Areas is carried out according with the principles of “best international practice",1 formed under conditions of open water bodies (North Sea, Gulf of Mexico, the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Alaska, etc).Unfortunately, these principles do not reflect the conceptual features of theCaspian Sea: closed water body, long term historical pollution, the close proximity of numerous natural and anthropog

..]]> The paper presents a system of environmental monitoring (EM) of Contract Areas, which allows to differentiating the impact caused by the activities of the operator of Contract Area, and the impact caused by extraneous sources of pollution (adjacent oil fields development, industrial, agricultural and municipal discharges, mud volcanoes, dumping, etc.). As impact indicators used benthic communities (motionless infauna), widely used in world offshore practice. System refers to category of knowledg

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/environment-monitoring-of-an-enclosed-place-like-underground-mines-with-ansys-software-and-sensors-based-technology/ 2014-08-20 2018-12-12 IntroductionMine industries have an extensive diversity of process connecting with working with chemicals. The state of these chemicals contributes to threat like explosion, problems of human health when these chemicals are beyond their tolerance limit. Air pollution is also the major cause for many premature deaths.1 Inside underground mines different gases are present there. Certain huge amount  of toxic risky chemicals which are always present in underground mines, it is nec

..]]> This paper deals with the issue of safety inside underground mines. The safety system designed based on wireless sensor network. The position of the different sensors inside underground mines is set by using analysis with ANSYS software. The safety system modeling in this paper is cost effective, energy saver , consistent, uninterrupted. This system performs automatic monitoring of different useful parameters inside underground mines required for the safety of the mine personals. Transmission of

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/simulation-of-electricity-demand-function-in-agricultural-sector-an-application-of-genetic-algorithm-case-study-electricity-fed-wells-of-iran/ 2014-09-19 2018-12-10 IntroductionMechanization is the essential prerequisite for transition from traditional to modern agriculture. Obviously, the traditional methods can not guarantee the food security for growing 70-million-people population. Nowadays, the key role of mechanization in agriculture production motivates policy makers to accelerate the mechanization process in agriculture sector. Hence, mechanization is constantly addressed by planners of agricultural sector in their strategic plans.In order to provid

..]]> Due to several problems arisen from consumption of gas oil, it is necessary to electricity substitute fossil fuels in agriculture wells in Iran. Problems such as lack of opportune and adequate supply of fuel, air and soil pollution, noise pollution and huge costs of installation, operation and maintenance imply the necessity of replacing gas oil systems by electricity-consuming ones in agriculture sector of Iran.However, it is essential to study on the demand of electricity, nowadays, substituti

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/a-study-on-community-based-aquaculture-promoted-by-kvk-khordha-odisha-india/ 2014-09-29 2018-12-13 IntroductionFreshwater Aquaculture contributes to poverty alleviation and an employment source to millions of people, both in the sector itself as well as in support services. The practice of aquaculture is farming of aquatic organisms including fish, prawn, commercially important aquatic plants and poly culture.  Community based aquaculture is identified as a proven practice towards satisfying community needs in using water resources effectively and to provide protein source for commun

..]]> Since 1960s Community aquaculture gained its importance in India through the attempts of Research and Development agencies. Demonstration of fish culture practices in community ponds are challenged by its nature as water bodies are common property resources which requires substantial support from communities, local bodies and other agencies. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) - Khordha, the Farm Science Centre under Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/the-health-costs-of-the-brick-kilns-emissions-in-peshawar-a-policy-analysis/ 2014-10-17 2018-12-10 IntroductionThe disastrous health effects of air pollution are well documented now in the epidemiological literature. High levels of ambient air pollution have been linked with diseases such as asthma, headache, blood pressure, cancer, heart diseases, bronchitis etc. This is an externality which inflicts a heavy monetary loss to the individual in term of increased health cost and a loss of productivity. Besides, it has direct bearing on the public exchequer in term of increased public sector spe

..]]> Air Pollution especially resulting from Brick kiln is a major Environmental problem of Pakistan in general and Peshawar in Particular. World Health Organization in a recent document has declared Peshawar as the sixth most polluted city of the world. We in our latest study have tried to estimate the health cost related to the release of PM10 from these kilns. For the said purpose, we collected primary data pertaining to pollution and socio-economic of the brick producing and nearby areas. We coll

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/reduction-of-heat-emission-to-surroundings-from-improved-wood-burning-stove/ 2014-10-27 2018-12-10 IntroductionImproved wood stoves have the potential to produce a significant impact on the rural economy, quality of life, indoor air quality, afforestation and global warming since more than half of the global human population depends on firewood for their cooking energy needs. These stoves were introduced in many developing countries with more stress on rural households and rural based commercial applications. Michael Johnson et al.1 gave a complete picture of the biomass stove programs in Ind

..]]> Apart from emissions and inefficiency, heat generation from wood stoves to the surroundings is another undesirable effect causing health repercussions especially in the small dwellings of tropical regions. The present research addresses this problem. Steady state temperature measurements on the surface of the improved wood burning stove is used to determine this loss in which chimney draft control plays an important role. Experimental results were in good agreement with that of the model simulat

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/limnology-a-critical-review/ 2014-11-07 2018-10-20 IntroductionThe importance of water was realized as far as back as 640-546 B.C. as a means of substance of life, which was expressed in the Greek Philosophers, “Thales of Miletus” Cryptic saying “Water is best”. The extensive work of Forel (1901)(59) who is regarded as the father of modern limnology gave an impetus to study this subject intensively. Fritsch (1888)(61)established the first mobile biological station to study the various lakes, and with the establishment of the Fresh Water

..]]> The word Limnology is derived from Greek limne-marsh, pond and evaluates how physical, chemical and biological environment regulates these relationships. The type of life which is supported by lentic communities will depend greatly on biotic components of the fresh water ecosystems. Phytoplankton’s are microscopic plants which obtain their energy via photosynthesis. They are important to the ecosystem because they are part of the primary producing community and assist in recycling of elements

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/estimating-the-ecological-footprint-of-transportation-in-the-city-of-isphahan-iran/ 2014-11-15 2018-12-10 IntroductionOne of the most important demographic phenomena of economic and industrial development of every country is the rapid growth of cities and urban population (Isazadeh and Mehranfar,2012). Population growth typically accompanies by environmental degradation such as soil erosion, desertification and deforestation(Gharakhluo et al., 2013).Cities consume three quarters of the energy produced in the world, and are the reason of about three quarters of world`s pollution (Jomepour et al., 201

..]]> Different methods aimed to quantify the effects of human activities on the natural environment have been developed. One of them is ecological footprint that is the total area of land, to produce all the resources a population consumes and to absorb all of the wastes it generates. An important impact of human activities on the environment is climate change that relates to the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The most important gas is CO2 which is released to atmosphere as a re

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/variations-in-herbaceous-composition-of-dry-tropics-following-anthropogenic-disturbed-environment/ 2014-11-13 2018-12-13 IntroductionIn many forest ecosystems, herbaceous vegetation is key strata and share to largest proportion of species diversity. The changes in herb layer occurred with topographic heterogeneity and biotic disturbances and harbor the majority of plant diversity in deciduous forests ecosystem.1,2 Any kind of disturbances resulted to degradation of habitats, especially herbaceous vegetation, which is essential for regulating nutrient cycling as well as ecological balance. The herbaceous s

..]]> Present study was carried out at Bhoramdeo Wildlife Sanctuary of Chhattisgarh with the objective to assess the composition, structure and diversity of herb layer. Three circle of Kawardha forest division were selected, comprising of three disturbance gradients i.e., heavily disturbed, moderately disturbed and lightly disturbed site, respectively in each circle. Stratified random sampling was opted to measure the herbaceous vegetation. A total of 39, 39 and 33 herbs species were recorded under Bh

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/do-extensive-rubber-plantation-influences-local-environment-a-case-study-from-tripura-northeast-india/ 2014-10-14 2018-12-10 IntroductionTotal natural rubber cultivation in India wasca 0.74 million ha till 2012. According to Rubber Board of India (RBI),1 India now occupies the  first rank in  terms of  productivity, which are presently at 1819 kg/ha.2 NR is used as raw material in the production of 35,000 items of industrial importance in India, 50% of total NR consume by automobile industry.

..]]> Tripura is the second largest Natural Rubber (NR) producing state of India. As most of the NR plantation in the state is rain dependent, it is observed that fluctuation in monsoon poses a serious threat to plantation growth of NR crops. The effect of such shift and fluctuation in climate ranges from surface and ground water level variation, air quality and soil preservation. At present no assessment is available to critically review the impact of large scale NR plantation on environment. In the

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/carbon-sequestration-potential-of-teak-plantations-of-different-agro-climatic-zones-and-age-gradations-of-southern-india/ 2014-10-24 2018-12-12 IntroductionIndiscriminate deforestation in tropical world has become a major cause of increased carbon dioxide concentration in our atmosphere, It was eported that the global average of the gross emission rate of tropical deforestation was 2.9 petagrams of carbon (Pg C y–1) from 1990 to 2007 and that tropical regrowth forests were partially compensated for by a carbon sink of 1.6 Pg C y–1 within an area of 557 Mha.1,2 For combating this series environmental issue continuous efforts

..]]> Carbon sequestration potential of teak plantations in different agro-climatic zones of Southern India, viz. Northern Dry Zone, Northern Transition Zone, and Hilly Zone were studied. Teak plantations belonging to three age gradations viz. 10, 15 and 20 years were considered for the study. Above ground biomass was computed based on volume estimation and wood density after considering three 10 x 10 m plots. Carbon sequestration potential of teak plantations on farmlands differed significantly with

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/anaerobic-co-digestion-of-mixed-kitchen-wastes-and-buffalo-dung/ 2014-11-27 2018-12-13 IntroductionA huge amount of plant and animal origin organic wastes are being generated daily throughout the world whose management is very difficult because improper management will produces foul odor and pollutants which causes an ill effect on health of living beings. Nature put microorganisms in almost everywhere which has potential to degrade them and utilize for their growth. Some microorganisms are aerobic whereas some are anaerobic and it was found by research that anaerobic digestion is

..]]> Kitchen is the important part of house which take cares about the health of family members. It also generates organic wastes which are generally dumped. On the other hand many people felt shortage of animal dung for biogas production. This study is an attempt to find out the way between these situations by finding the suitability of kitchen wastes addition for biogas production. The experiment was performed in 5L glass bottles with two treatments i.e. buffalo dung alone and mixture of dung with

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/physico-chemical-characterization-in-irrigated-and-rainfed-agricultural-soils-of-sidhi-district-m-p/ 2014-11-29 2018-12-13 IntroductionThe Sidhi District is situated on the North-eastern boundary of the Madhya Pradesh State, India which lies over a transitional area between the Indo-Gangetic plain in the north and the Deccan plateau in the south and the remotest district of Madhya Pradesh. Soil is one of the important and valuable resources of the nature. All living things are directly and indirectly dependent on soil for day to day needs and 95 % of the human food is derived from the earth. Making plan for having h

..]]> The Sidhi District is situated on the North-eastern boundary of the Madhya Pradesh State, India which lies over a transitional area between the Indo-Gangetic plain in the north and the Deccan plateau in the south and the remotest district of Madhya Pradesh The systemic and comprehensive analysis of twenty composite samples of rainfed and irrigated agricultural soil around Sidhi district. The pH of soil samples varied from 6.6 to 8 especially and recorded higher values in the irrigated soils. The

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/physical-development-framework-for-climate-change-adaptation-in-malaysian-construction-industry-current-scenario-and-way-to-improve/ 2014-11-27 2018-12-10 IntroductionNowadays, climate change has been universally recognized as a global problem. The emissions are increasing rapidly and in tandem with the growth of economy especially in the developing country. Climate change and sustainable development have been addressed separately in both research and policy (Vijaya Venkata Raman et al., 2012) nevertheless, there are strong linkages between the two, and the relationship is an emerging issue regionally and globally. It involved a broad range of iss

..]]> Climate change has been universally recognized as a global problem. The emissions are increasing rapidly with the growth of economy especially in developing country. The vulnerability of infrastructures and built environment due to climate change will extend to the whole region, if no proper and immediate actions being outlined and implemented at the very early stage in the development cycle. Implications of the changes in climate predicted in Malaysia mean that present road, infrastructure and

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/effect-of-soil-chemical-and-physical-properties-on-cd-mobility-studied-by-soil-thin-layer-chromatography/ 2014-12-15 2018-12-10 Introducion Heavy metal contamination is of concern due to release of metals in the environment by numerous factors like the industrial activities and in agricultural soils due to use of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides (Roth, et. al., 2012). Cadmium (Cd) in one of the heavy metals which is most mobile and bioavailable and is of high concern for its ecotoxicity. This has been demonstrated in various studies showing impact of Cd contamination on soil, groundwater, ecosystems

..]]> Heavy metals contamination threat to the environment is a big concern. Predicting the movement of heavy metals such as Cd in soil is an important goal. In this study the effect of soil chemical and physical properties on Cd mobility were done using a thin layer chromatography (Soil TLC). The soils used in this research have a wide range of organic matter (2.1-29 g/kg), pH value (4.9-8.8), CEC (4.1-99 cmol/kg), bases saturation, iron and aluminum oxides to examines its effect on Cd mobility. The

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/assessment-of-the-water-quality-in-buhisan-bulacao-and-lahug-rivers-cebu-philippines-using-fecal-and-total-coliform-as-indicators/ 2014-10-24 2018-12-10 Introduction In developing nations, water problems exist. This could be partly due to untreated waste waters from domestic, agricultural and industrial sources which are discharge into rivers and waterways, leading to severe water pollution and spreading of infectious diseases. An assessment of the microorganisms (i.e. coli forms) can provide an indication of water quality in the rivers. Fecal coli forms (FC) are normally associated with the fecal matter from warm bloodied animals while total

..]]> This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the water quality of Buhisan, Bulacao and Lahug rivers in Cebu, Philippines using coliforms as indicators. Monthly sampling started from November 2011 to April 2012 in the upstream, midstream and downstream stations. The multiple tube fermentation technique was used for the analysis of coli forms. High total and fecal coli form counts were observed in the three rivers from February to April, but the difference in values across time was not signifi

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/study-of-self-purification-capacity-in-the-semi-arid-zones-case-of-wadi-chelife-northern-algeria/ 2014-10-30 2018-12-10 Introduction Water quality modeling has been shown to be a useful tool in strategic water quality management (Fan et al. 2009). The literature contains very few studies on the water quality modeling for small rivers, and such studies as have been published are fairly limited in scope (Giorgio M., Gaspare V. 2010) and especially for the arid and semi-arid areas. The aim of models self-purification is predict, at the space-time forecast, the effects of an organic matter rejection on the diss

..]]> The aim of this paper was to study and predict the self-purification capacity of wadi Cheliff (in the section Oum Drou –Chlef). This was done primarily by measuring the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) downstream of a pre-selected pollution discharge point on wadi Cheliff and then predicting the same using the modified Streeter-Phelps equations.  Twelve sampling stations are chosen, on a section of approximately 8.5 km of the wadi Cheliff (Oum Drou - Chlef), to collect data with knowing

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/hydrogeochemical-facies-of-hot-springs-water-in-jebel-mara-mountain-darfur-western-sudan/ 2014-08-07 2018-12-10 Introduction In all solution environments bare metal ions are in continuous search of a partner. The environment of interest is water where in all metals; cations are hydrated to form aquo complexes (Cohen Shanes,2001).Water analysis is very challenging due to the low concentrations of elements so they are susceptible to enter element interference and matrix effect (N. Kahraman and Fahrunisia, 1976). There are some 1.5 × 109 km3 of water on the surface of the Earth. Of this 98.3

..]]> Hydrogeochemical  assessment  have  been carried  out to study the concentration  ofNa+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-,SO42-, HCO3-, and other parameters like temperature, pH, electric conductivity (EC), total hardness(T.H) and total dissolved solid (TDS) in ten hot springs water samples of some parts  of Jebel Mara Mountain, Western Sudan. The results of water analysis revealed the average values of pH,electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids a

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/the-impact-of-nanosilver-particles-on-foot-odor-producing-microbes/ 2014-09-04 2018-12-10 Introduction The antimicrobial activity of the silver ions was first identified in the 19th century, and colloidal silver was accepted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being an effective for wound management in the 1920s.1,2 The antibacterial effects of Ag- salts have been noticed since antiquity.3 Silver is an antifungal and antibacterial agent for antibiotic resistant microbes,4 it has beneficial healing and anti-disease properties,5 and it

..]]> Nanosilver applications have been implicated in paint, plastic, textile and medical industries. Nanosilver particles absorb sweat and in turn avoid pungent smell of feet. The present study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of Ag-coated different sock fabrics and comparing their efficacy in reducing foot-borne resident bacteria. Synthesize of nanosilver particles was performed in various concentrations by wet reduction method using silver nitrate and tri-sodium citrate. Coating of diff

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/impact-of-source-area-desertification-on-dust-storm-emission-in-the-western-parts-of-iran/ 2014-10-02 2018-12-10 Introduction Desertification is one of the most drastic problems in many countries (UNCCD, 2008). This phenomenon resulted by process set in vulnerable environments. Arid and semi-arid natural vegetation resources exploitation causes soil erosion that has led to desertification (Mainguet and Letolle, 1998). Source area wind erosion leads to dust storm emission (Gillette et al., 1980). Loss of vegetative ground cover is the first sight might appear to be desertification. For identification

..]]> Iraq is one of the main sources of western part of Iran’s dust storm. Iran’s western part dust storms considered hazardous problem that cause many environment and socio-economic impacts. Sensitive areas to desertification were identified by Environmental Sensitivity Areas (ESAs) in the source area of western part of Iran’s dust storms for 2003 and 2007. RS and GIS data have been used to assess the desertification severity and its relation with the pervasive dust sto

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/prospects-of-rural-transformation-centre-rtc-of-malaysia-from-the-perspective-of-inclusive-rural-development/ 2014-11-15 2018-12-10 Introduction The concept of rural development has undergone significant changes in last few decades (Harris 1982; Chambers 1983; ADB 2000). Until the 1970 s, rural development and agricultural development used to be synonymous, where the primary focus was on increasing agricultural production. During that period, most countries were promoting smallholder agriculture to achieve the objective of increasing production in the agricultural sector. Over time, this concept of smallholder agriculture

..]]> In the contemporary discourse, it is argued that the ultimate objective of rural development is to improve the quality of life for rural people. This makes it essential to go beyond the income-related factors of rural development. Inclusive Rural Development, a more specific concept than the concept of conventional rural development, accommodates the variables for the quality of life in rural development. This concept covers three different but interrelated dimensions: economic dimension, social

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/modeling-the-transport-of-potassium-level-in-yarmouk-basin-using-swms-3d-model/ 2014-12-06 2018-12-10 Introduction Jordan has a hot, dry climate characterized by long, hot, dry summers and short, cool winters. The climate is influenced by Jordan's location between the subtropical aridity of the Arabian desert areas and the subtropical humidity of the eastern Mediterranean area. About 70 percent of the average rainfall in the country falls between November and March, (JMD, 2010). Water scarcity will become an even greater problem over the next two decades as the population doubles and

..]]> Yarmouk Basin is a transboundary basin shared  between Jordan and Syria. Only 1,426 km2 of the basin total area (7,242 km2) lie within the borders of Jordan. The study area is characterized by altitudes varying from more than 1,150 m in the south to about 200 m below sea level in the northwest. The contamination of groundwater by potassium in the upper aquifer is prevailing in the west part of the Yarmouk Basin. The concentration of potassium ranges between 0-163 mg/l with an average of

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/the-applications-of-rasch-measurement-model-for-calibrating-survey-instrument-for-analysing-the-criteria-of-sustainable-construction/ 2014-11-27 2018-12-10 Introduction Perception is a phenomenon that is very difficult to measure whether it is a qualitative or quantitative research (Wan Nur’ashiqin, 2013). Because of that, validation of the measuring instrument is very important for any study involved. Rasch measurement model consists of a set of instructions to meet the needs and requirements of scientific measurement which shall be applied in the social science research (Bond, 2003). With the application of this measurement model, th

..]]> This study aims to calibrate the measurement instrument which is used for the analysis of the criteria of sustainable construction. To meet the objective, Rasch measurement model has been applied to identify the misfit data through analysis of fit and unidimensionality, where the reliability and validity of the measurement items were determined and the misfit data were identified and reviewed to enable a more accurate and meaningful analysis.  With the conduct of fit and unidimensionali

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/photochemical-wastewater-treatment-for-potential-agricultural-use/ 2014-12-23 2018-12-10 Introduction Water is one of the most important chemical compounds for the human and life in general. In a pure quantitative aspect, water covers approximately the 71 % of the terrestrial surface and the live matter includes soaring composition percentages of that substance, form to a qualitative standpoint, all the life forms needs an important amount of water to perform their biological functions, such as of the nutrition and excretion of the live beings are based thereon.1 Actuall

..]]> The urban wastewaters after advanced primary treatment (APT) are again discharged into the river without any use. In the present research in a soilless culture system where maize seedlings were tested three different treatments were planted: 1. Obtained from the effluent water of an APT, 2. Photochemically treated wastewater (PCT) and 3. Urban water network (UW). A block randomly distributed design was tested, with five repetitions where the experimental unit was formed by a 36 cavities filled w

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/indus-basin-waters-a-main-resource-of-water-in-pakistan-an-analytical-approach/ 2014-12-05 2018-12-10 Introduction Pakistan is prolific and hunky-dory when accounts for agricultural acclimation due to adequate modus operandi. Apropos irrigation and cultivation perspective, 22Mha out of 80Mha is devoted for agricultural purposes. Amidst assertion and speculations, cultivation region accrue over last three decades as the harvesting region flourished from 16.62Mha to 22.15Mha since 1971 to 2003 but due to explicit increment in population, per capita land availability has been descended.1&nbs

..]]> The agriculture annulus in Pakistan aid 21% towards GDP of the country with mainly agriculture based economy. This ambit represents 45% of the country's labor force. Rivers are the main essence of water in Pakistan. This accounts for agriculture, commercial and domestic use. The veer in the availability of water of Rivers not only affects the economy but also the climate of the country. Water of these Rivers, directly or indirectly affects the lives of people in Pakistan. Indus River is

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/environmental-impact-assessment-eia-of-gas-pipeline-transmission-case-study-duzduzan-ahar/ 2014-11-14 2018-12-10 Introduction Iran has 22 thousand kilometers of gas pipeline and has the longest gas and oil pipelines in the Middle East.it also  has the third largest consumption of natural gas in the world after United States and Russia. At present, Iran is producing only a small share of its gas reserves, about 5.5 trillion cubic feet (160 billion cubic meters) per year. This means that Iran is one of the few countries capable of supplying much larger amounts of natural gas in

..]]> The national gas transmission Ahar – Duzduzan, transmit fresh gas in the West north of Iran. According to Iran’s environmental regulation, construction and operation of pipelines is required EIA studies. Due to this linear project it is required to develop a particular EIA methodology on this kind of projects. Therefore at first we attempted to get a real knowledge about environmental endnotes of project with library and field studies. Along with reviewing the technical resou

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/applications-of-magnetic-water-technology-in-farming-and-agriculture-development-a-review-of-recent-advances/ 2014-12-11 2018-12-10 Introduction Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have shown great potentials in medical, industrial and environmental applications.1-7 Because of the electrical origin of the live and existence of all cells and living creatures, EMFs can interact with all living cells so that can modulate their functions. These modulations in appropriate conditions can have useful outcomes such as treatment or inducing the desire characteristics in different compounds. Water is a crucial source for life on

..]]> Magnetic water treatment (MWT) techniques have shown promising potentials in different areas specially agriculture. Safety, compatibility and simplicity, environmentally friendliness, low operating cost and not proven harmful effects are the main advantages of electromagnetic field (EMF) over conventional methods for water treatment. Magnetized or magnetic water (MW) possesses unique physical and chemical characteristics making it a multi-purpose compound with potential benefits in medical treat

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/perceptions-of-tourists-towards-the-role-of-stakeholders-for-tourism-development/ 2014-11-17 2018-12-10  Introduction The tourism industry is a rapidly growing industry internationally, contributing to economic enhancement as well as generating employment opportunities worldwide. It is one of the most notable service industries in the world.1 Tourism is contributing significantly to the world’s total gross national product (GNP). The World Tourism Organization2 (WTO) predicts that the tourism sector will expand by an average of 4.1% a year over the next two decades,

..]]> This paper studies the role of stakeholders for tourism development in Malaysia based on the perceptions of tourists who come to the Melaka city. Even though the tourists are satisfied by the existing facilities available presently, there are a few shortcomings that need to be addressed such as neglected traditional issues, bureaucratic barriers, definition of sustainable tourism and communication problem with the local communities. The purpose of the study is to find out the roles of public, pr

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/investigations-in-to-ecological-consequences-and-threats-from-ethnoecological-and-ethnobotanical-practices-across-karakorum-mountain-ranges-a-case-study-berberis/ 2014-12-15 2018-12-10 Introduction Indigenous communities around the world are a great source of advancement in health care for humanity (Basak et al. 2010; Muthu et al. 2006; Makkar et al. 2007). Ethnobotany compliments ethnopharmacological practices which have enhancing effect on advancement of modern medicine used to treat most pressing medical issues faced by the humanity today (Sheng-Ji 2001). Berberis is one of the important medicinal plant used as a very common ingredient in herbal medication systems viz; E

..]]> Geomorphologically inaccessible mighty mountain ranges of Karakoram, Hindukush, Himalaya and Pamir have been mother sanctuaries for several ecologically attuned civilizations. Modern changes underway across ethnoecological and ethnobotanical settings among these mountain traditional communities have drastically depreciated folk wisdom and ecological equilibrium. Ethno-climatic agencies have threatened several species and Berberis pseudumbellata subsp. gilgitica has become critically endangered.

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/bioremediation-of-tannery-wastewater-by-chromium-resistant-fungal-isolate-fusarium-chlamydosporium-spfs2-g/ 2014-12-16 2018-12-10 Introduction Tanning industry is considered to be a major source of pollution and tannery wastewater in particular, is a potential environmental concern.1 The wastewater emanating from tanneries is characterized by a strong color and is heavily polluted with high COD and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and inorganic impurities (sodium, calcium, nitrate, ammonia, sulfide, and chloride), dissolved and suspended solids, and other specific pollutants such as vegetable and/or synthetic ta

..]]> The present study assessed the bioremediation potential of Fusarium chlamydosporium SPFS2-g isolated from tannery effluent enriched soil. The isolate exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Cr(VI) as 500 ppm. The treatment of tannery wastewater with Fusarium chlamydosporium in shake flask experiment resulted in the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, Cr(VI),  total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, Na+, Cl-, and NO3- in the order of 71.80, 64.69, 100, 36.47,

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/impact-of-different-land-use-management-on-soil-enzyme-activities-and-bacterial-genetic-fingerprints-of-north-western-himalayas/ 2014-11-26 2018-12-10 Introduction Anthropogenic disturbance like agriculture are now getting more intensive in the Indian Himalayas to meet the demand for food and fodder. Indian Himalayan region required more nutrient inputs, which consequently leads to decline in organic matter of soil. Agricultural inputs through chemical fertilizers and pesticides adversely affect the ecosystem (Yang et al., 2000). Microbes are very sensitive to changing environmental conditions and so are the efficient functional indicators

..]]> Land uses has significant impact on soil biological properties that incessantly intimates the soil quality change and are assessed by soil microbial and biochemical indicators, as they are highly sensitive to change in environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of land use on soil enzyme activities and gene diversity in selected location of Northwestern Himalayas, India. Nine different land use system of similar soil type at depth 0-15 cm were analyzed for soil enzymes

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/phytoremediation-of-metal-pb-ni-zn-cd-and-cr-contaminated-soils-using-canna-indica/ 2014-10-03 2018-12-12 Introduction An extensive area of the world is contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants including heavy metal pollutants.1 Organic pollutants include solvents like trichloroethylene (TCE),2 herbicides, atrazine.3 Inorganic pollutants include plant macronutrients such as nitrates and phosphates, micronutrients, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn and nonessential elements, As, Cd, Co, F, Hg, Se, Pb, V and radionuclides, 238 U, 137 Cs and 90Sr.4 Increasing

..]]> Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. Remediation of heavy metal polluted soils is one of the significant topics in environmental restoration. As a plant based technology the success of phytoremediation is inherently dependent upon proper plant selection. The present study is an attempt to test the potential of the native species to remove heavy metals from the soil. A pot experiment was conducted to study the metal accumulation capacity of Canna

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/assessment-of-trace-metal-levels-in-commonly-edible-vegetables-from-selected-markets-in-lagos-state-nigeria/ 2014-10-30 2018-12-12 Introduction  Environmental pollution nowadays is a big concern. Anthropogenic activities like mining, industry and agriculture have altered the environment significantly throughout the Earth. Trace element have great significance due to their tendency to accumulate in the vital human organs over prolong period of time. Injury to vegetation caused by trace metal has been well recognized because of many botanical and chemical investigations during past 100 years. More than 60 elements

..]]> Consumption of food contaminated with heavy metals is a major source of health problems for man and animals. Three commonly edible Leafy vegetables (Amaranthus hybridus, Celosia argentea ,Cochorus olitoris) from Agboju and Iba markets , Lagos Nigeria were sampled, identified, digested and analyzed with the aid of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) as directed by APHA (American Public Health Association) to determine heavy metals concentration in them with the aim of ascertaining &nbsp

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/identifying-and-prioritizing-green-management-indicators-in-the-fields-of-energy-and-waste/ 2014-10-28 2018-11-15 Introduction Development and implementation of green productivity management in any public or private entity will present some environmental, social and economic achievements, so outputs, products and resources ought to increase and costs ought to reduce to increase productivity in country’s economic and social development plan in accordance to Iran’s constitution. On the other hand, while resource conservation is emphasized in green management, environmental and social co

..]]> This study aims to identify and prioritize indicators of green Management in the Energy and Waste fields in Erfan hospital of Tehran, Iran

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/hydro-chemical-characteristic-and-quality-assessment-of-groundwater-of-ranchi-township-area-jharkhand-india/ 2014-09-01 2018-12-12 Introduction  Groundwater may be considered as one of the most precious and one of the basic needs for human existence and the survival of mankind providing him the luxuries and comforts in addition to fulfilling his basic necessities of life. Groundwater forms the major source of water supply for drinking purposes in most parts of India. It accounts for about 88% safe drinking water in rural areas, where the population is widely dispersed and the infrastructure needed for treatment

..]]> In the present study, detail investigation of groundwater for the suitability of drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in Ranchi township area. For this purpose, 27 groundwater samples from wells and tube wellswere collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) , major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and major anions (HCO3- F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-). pH of the analyzed samples indicates slightly alkaline nature of the water samples. Total dissolved so

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/primary-inventorization-of-electronic-waste-in-bhopal-city/ 2014-08-28 2018-12-12 Introduction The largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry is the “electronic industry” due to the tremendous growth in the field of information technology all over the world. All electronic and electrical items such as computers, televisions, mobile phones etc. on completion of their useful life, are being discarded rapidly and contribute to the huge quantum of e-waste(Robinson, 2009). The generation of this e-wastehas grown manifold in the last two decades and w

..]]> The current practices of e-waste management in India suffer from a number of drawbacks like the difficulty in inventorization, unhealthy conditions of informal recycling, inadequate legislation, poor awareness and reluctance on part of the corporate to address the critical issues.The study was focused onto inventorise the electronic waste of Bhopal city to generate database for future action plan. The household and business entities, institutions were selected for inventorization of electronic w

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/physico-chemical-assessment-and-comparison-of-quality-of-underground-water-for-drinking-purpose-at-periodic-interval-in-the-village-of-srikurmam-gara-mandal-in-srikakulam-district-andhra-pradesh-in/ 2014-10-22 2018-12-12 Introduction Water is a natural resource that sustains the necessary needs of all living creatures. It is not only for drinking and it plays a vital role in various sectors as in the form of an essential Engineering material. It is required for sustaining all forms of life, food production, economic development of industry and agriculture The main resource of fresh water is the ground water,1 which is commonly used for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes. Ground water is

..]]> Safe drinking water is essential to the protection of public health and well-being of citizens. Clean safe and adequate fresh water is vital to the survival of all living organisms.Drinking water affects the health of human beings due to the presence of various chemical constituents. Therefore, every person should have required the minimum knowledge of quality of drinking water. Ground water is the one of the major sources of water for drinking, agricultural and industrial needs. The subject of

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/seasonal-variations-and-assessment-of-water-quality-of-nagchoon-pond-of-khandwa-district-m-p-india-2/ 2014-08-12 2018-12-12 Introduction  Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Water is the basic and primary need of all vital life processes and it is now well established that the life first arose in aquatic environments. Ever since the pre-historic times man has been intimately associated with water, and the evidences of past civilization that all historic human settlements were around inland freshwater recourses has conclusively proved it. Water is the basis of life, a univer

..]]> “ SAVE WATER , SAVE LIFE.” Water is basic unit of life for all living organisms at this planet. Water is essential for drinking, domestic, irrigation and industries purposes. The Khandwa District is including in hot climatic region suffering from water crises whole year especially in summer season. The sources of potable water are limited in comparison to population of Khandwa. The important source of potable water is Nagchoon pond. In recent time a steady deterioration in th

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/green-technical-methods-for-treatment-of-waste-water-using-microalgae-and-its-application-in-the-management-of-natural-water-resources-a-review/ 2014-08-09 2018-12-12 Introduction Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth.1 It covers 71% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms of life.But only 2.5% of the Earth's water is fresh water.Rapid urbanization and industrialization releases enormous volumes of wastewater, which is increasingly utilized as a valuable resource for irrigation in urban and per

..]]> Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms of life.But only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater. Due to industrialization and Urbanization it is becoming more polluted and risk of this polluted water consumption and its sanitation problem is increasing day to day in most of the developing countries, so it has become anessential need for today’s environment to protect water from getting polluted or develop its cost effective remedial me

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/gis-based-evaluation-of-water-quality-index-of-ground-water-resources-inwest-bokaro-coalfield-india/ 2014-09-10 2018-12-12 Introduction Groundwater is the major source for drinking and domestic purposes in both rural and urban areas. Besides, it is an important source for both agriculture and industrial sectors.In the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water due to the rapid growth of population and the accelerated pace of industrialization. Rapid urbanization, especially in developing countries like India, has affected the availability and quality of groundwater due to

..]]> Water Quality Index (WQI), a technique of rating water quality, is an effective tool to assess quality and ensure sustainable safe use of water for drinking. The present work is aimed to assess the groundwater quality of West Bokaro coalfield region for knowing the suitability of drinking purpose by calculating the WQI and using Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. Thirty three groundwater samples were collected from dug wells during post-monsoon, 2012 for comprehensive physico-chem

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/analysis-of-groundwater-quality-of-aligarh-city-india-using-water-quality-index/ 2014-09-23 2018-12-12 Introduction Water is called matrix of life because it is an essential part of all living systems and is the medium from which life evolved and in which life exists.1 It is well known that human health and survival depends upon use of uncontaminated and clean water for drinking and other purposes. Groundwater is a good source of fresh water available on the earth, due to its relatively low susceptibility to pollution in comparison to surface water and its large storage capacity. It i

..]]> Water is essential for all living organisms for their existence and metabolic process. Unethical human intervention in natural system and over exploitation of groundwater resources induces degradation of its quality. In many instances groundwater is used directly for drinking as well as for other purposes, hence the evaluation of groundwater quality is extremely important. The present study is aimed to analyze the underground water quality at Aligarh. In this study 80 water samples were collecte

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/the-potential-of-dark-purple-scented-rice-from-staple-food-to-nutraceutical-nutraceutical-benefit-of-dark-purple-rice/ 2014-09-18 2018-12-12 Introduction Among the important crops, cereals are one of the economic commodities worldwide. They provide better public health with the main essential food ingredients and nutrition. It is known that consumption of plant-based food, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, cereals and nuts as well as marine foods plays a key role in disease prevention and health improvement. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) a cereal crop is the major staple food sources for half of the world population. With an av

..]]> Among the rice varieties, Purple Rice has an incredibly rich history and counts among its strains one variety known as Imperial rice as they are reserved for the Emperor’s consumption only. The purple color is due to high anthocyanin content, a trait most typically observed in fruits. There are abundant benefits including medicinal properties of rice. Its medicinal properties being imparted by the phytochemicals present in it, some of the important compounds which are worth mentioning

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/quality-enhancement-of-environmental-aesthetics-experience-through-ecological-assessment/ 2014-09-10 2018-12-12 Introduction In half of the twentieth century, environmental aesthetics related theoretical subjects and understanding the beauty of natural and artificial environments around human being were addressed more than ever. Paying attention to this approach was a response to analytical aesthetic attitude towards understanding and perceptualization of the environment which argued that aesthetics and understanding natural and artificial environment around men are unimportant, subjective, and non-aes

..]]> In this article by reviewing the environmental aesthetics experience, natural towns cape, and ecological assessment related concepts, ecological assessment is known as a process that pave the way for achieving a positive (pleasant) experience of natural aesthetics in natural towns cape. In fact, it seems that ecological assessment and evaluation of the natural context should be the fundamental part in the process of urban design of large scale projects, which are developed to improve the quality

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/uncertainty-analysis-of-monthly-stream-flow-forecasting/ 2014-10-31 2018-12-13 Introduction Streamflow forecasting is a key component in sustained development and based on environmental issues. It has been an important subject for the researchers from the middle of the 20th century. Different approaches such as regression (Sun et al. 2014; Rehman and Saleem, 2014, Dehghani et al. 2014), conceptual (Jain and Srinivasulu, 2006; Xu et al. 1996) and intelligent(He et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2014; Sudheer et al. 2014) models are used for stream flow forecasting. Artificial inte

..]]> Stream flow forecasting is an important factor in water resources planning and management. In this study Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network (FFANN) was used for monthly streamflow forecasting. Three scenarios were considered for modeling. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used for reducing the model architecture complexity and input data reduction. Twelve statistical criteria were used to evaluate the model performance. Also for quantifying the accuracy of forecast, uncertainty analysis

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/hydrological-regionalization-in-relation-to-accuracy-of-maximum-discharge-estimation/ 2014-11-01 2018-12-19 Introduction Regionalization is generally used in hydrology for transferring hydrological information from basins with statistical data to ungauged basins also the developed regional model can be successfully used for the estimation of the flow duration curves at ungauged sites (E.A. Baltas, 2012). Data transfer can be done more efficiently by dividing the region into homogeneous areas. Homogeneity of the different aspects is determined to create hydrologic homogeneous regions in the hydrol

..]]> To facilitate the transfer of data from basins with statistical data to basins without statistical data, regionalization in hydrology is generally used. Efficient data transfer can be performed by dividing the region into homogeneous areas. In the present study, cluster analysis method was employed to divide different hydrological areas into homogeneous areas. Using factor analysis, the importance of independent variables such as, area, average annual rainfall, average height, and basin slope wa

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/evaluation-of-periodical-changes-in-plant-biodiversity-indices-a-case-study-of-zanjanroud-watershed-iran/ 2014-08-02 2018-12-13 Introduction Changes in biodiversity in general and plant biodiversity (plant species) in particular are being influenced by environmental factors; regardless of climate change which its consequences will be apparent over a long timescale. Such impressibility has long been a subject of interest to scholars, experts and researchers in the field of biodiversity. Declining biodiversity of plant species is affected by environmental factors especially soil and water parameters interacting with ot

..]]> Investigation of relationships between plant communities and environmental factors is among  the most important, complex issues associated with management of natural resources and environment. Land use changes, soil degradation and erosion, loss of soil-water balance and over exploitation of plant resources have led to drastic changes in plant biodiversity. In the present study, one of the important components of biodiversity (alpha diversity index) was investigated at local scale. For

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/study-of-fluoride-concentration-of-ground-water-samples-in-different-tehsils-of-osmanabad-district/ 2014-09-18 2018-12-13 Introduction Osmanabad district is known as a religions district in Marathwada region of Maharashtra. A famous temple of “GoddessTuljabhavani” is situated in Tuljapur city, 18 km away from Osmanabad. A famous Naldurg fort is situated at Naldurg, 55km away from Osmanabad. Water is the basis of existence of all life in the Universe. Safe drinking water is the prime need of even life to sustain. The people of Osmanabad district usually use water from dam, dug well and bore

..]]> This paper deals with the determination of fluoride concentration of ground water samples from Omerga, Lohara, Tuljapur and Osmanabad Tehsils.It was carried out using ion selective electrode and outcomes of the results were discussed in the light of pollution status of the study area. Monthly Changes in concentration of fluoride were analyzed for a periods of one year from June 2010 to May 2011. All Parameters were within the permissible limits. Data analysis revealed that a considerable variati

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/determination-of-heavy-metal-cu-pb-and-zn-concentrations-in-muscle-tissue-of-hypophthalmichthys-molitrix-cyprinus-carpio-and-ctenopharyngodon-idella-caught-from-zarivar-wetland-western-iran/ 2014-07-31 2018-12-13 Introduction The presence of metals in aquatic ecosystems originates from the natural interactions between the water, sediments and atmosphere (Kalay and Canil, 2000; Sankar et al. 2006). Heavy metals may enter an aquatic ecosystem from different natural and anthropogenic sources, including industrial or domestic sewage, storm runoff, leaching from landfills, shipping and harbor activities and atmospheric deposits (Nair et al. 2006). The contamination of heavy metals in the various parts of o

..]]> The present research report the heavy metal (Cu, Pb and Zn) contamination in muscle tissue of three species of fish (silver carp, common carp and grass carp) caught from Zarivar international wetland. Heavy metal concentrations (μg g−1, wet weight; means±S.D.) in silver carp, common carp and grass carp muscle tissue were: Cu- 0.006 ±0.005, 0.01±0.008 and 0.013.91±0.011, Pb- 0.008±0.006, 0.006±0.003 and 0.011&p

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/the-effect-of-degradation-of-ground-water-resources-on-capital-of-pistachio-growers-in-kerman-province/ 2014-08-30 2018-12-13 Introduction Today water is one of the most important factors in the growth and prosperity of human society (Ghasemzadeh et al. 2007). However, only one percent of the available water resources in the earth is drinking water that 98 percent of its is ground water (Jafari. 2008). In addition, 50% of the world's population supplies drinking water from ground water that this value is higher in Iran (Alizadeh, 2007). On the other hand, 65% of Iran is arid and semi-arid and the annual rain

..]]> Real cost evaluation of water is necessary in agricultural products depending on obtained value by this input. In most areas of world especially in arid and semiarid areas, exist over pumping of ground water because the real value of water is much most than the costs of water supply and the lack of fit management water resources. In this study, using a sample of 110 farmers, water dealing value of over using of groundwater in Rafsanjan pistachio production area were investigated. Analysis and re

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/bioethanol-production-from-enzymatically-hydrolysed-cotton-stalk-one-approach-towards-sustainable-energy-development/ 2014-08-18 2018-12-13 Introduction Worldwide increasing energy demand anddecreasing fossil reservoir led to the resurgence in development of alternative fuel, which must be renewable and environmental friendly. Unlike fossil fuel, ethanol is renewable energy source produced through fermentation of sugar. Ethanol can be produced from variety of biomass and among various biomasses; lignocellulosic biomass source is plentiful and economical resource that can serve as source of ethanol production at large scale.1&

..]]> The ligno cellulosic nature of cotton stalk favours to use as renewable material for variety of commercial applications. Present study was evaluating the potential of cotton stalk for bioethanol production. In this regards cotton stalk were subjected to series of treatment including pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. The resultant data shows that physically pre-treated cotton stalk when subjected to 2% alkaline solution at 121oC for 60 minute followed by enzyme hydrolysis with 100 CMC un

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/sodium-fluoride-toxicity-on-blood-parameter-and-catalase-activity-of-indian-fresh-water-larvicidal-fish-channa-straitus/ 2014-10-16 2018-12-13 Introduction Due to its high reactivity fluoride does not occur in the element state in nature. It exists either as inorganic fluorides (including free anion F) or as organic fluoride compounds. In the global environment inorganic fluorides are much more abundant than organic fluoride compounds. Natural sources of inorganic fluorides are weathering, volcanoes activity and marine aerosols. WHO and ISO 10500 recommend that the fluoride content in drinking water should be in the range of 1.0-1.

..]]> Due to its high reactivity fluoride does not occur in the element state in nature. WHO and ISO 10500 recommend that the fluoride content in drinking water should be in the range of 1.0-1.5 ppm. Fluoride ions are directly toxic to aquatic life and accumulated in the tissues where absorption rates exceed excretion rates. Duration of exposure also affects toxicity. Snake headed fish (Channa straitus) is larvivorous and edible fish species of India and South East Asia. After exposure of NaF (60ppm)

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/assessment-of-ground-water-quality-by-using-water-quality-index-method-of-berhampur-town-in-odisha-india/ 2014-10-14 2018-12-13 Introduction Berhampur, one of the largest city of Odisha nick name silk city is located in eastern coast line of Ganjam district, Odisha, India. It is situated in between 19Ëš58’E Latitude and 84Ëš5’`N Longitude. The city is grown into Municipal Corporation which consists of 40 wards and population of about four lacks. This city is situated about 15 km away from Bay of Bengal which makes the city condition extremely humid. The maximum temperature during summer season

..]]> Berhampur, the silk city of Odisha (India) is under the process of rapid urbanization with human population exceeding more than four lacks. Such growth in population of Berhampur Municipal Corporation has increased the requirement of water for human activities. Due to this reason the huge amount of waste water is generated which is discharged to the Bay of Bengal through small sewage system. The present study is carried out the impact of ground water quality status of Berhampur town. The water s

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/hydroxamate-siderophore-from-bacillus-sp-sd12-isolated-from-iron-factory-soil-2/ 2014-12-04 2018-12-13 Introduction Most bacteria have evolved a diverse series of high-affinity iron acquisition systems that are dependent upon the synthesis and/or uptake of low molecular weight iron chelators termed siderophores.1 Siderophores and their substituted derivatives have a large number of applications in agricultural, environmental and medical sciences. In agriculture, application of siderophores producing bacteria leads to increase in soil fertility and biocontrol of fungal pathogen. The mo

..]]> The present study reports siderophores production from bacteria isolated from Iron factory soil and its antifungal activity. Of the twelve morphologically different bacterial cultures isolated from iron factory soil, Kanchipuram, only two strains SD6 and SD12 showed siderophores production in Chrome Azurol S assay. Strain SD12 which showed maximum siderophores production, was selected for further studies. Siderophores produced by the strain SD12 was identified as hydroxymate type. Partial purifi

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/application-of-water-quality-index-for-assessment-of-surface-water-quality-status-in-goa/ 2014-12-11 2018-12-13 Introduction Water is addressed as a necessary resource and life preservative. It is required for most human activities like – drinking, cooking bathing, washing, agriculture, industry, recreation, navigation and fisheries etc. About 75% of the world’s surface area is covered with water. Out of which 97% of the earth’s water is in the ocean, not fit for human use due to its high salt content. Remaining 2% is locked in polar ice caps and only 1% is available as fr

..]]> Water quality index (WQI) is valuable and unique rating to depict the overall water quality status in a single term that is helpful for the selection of appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. Thirty Six surface water samples were collected from in and around mining talukas of Goa (India). The quality of surface water were evaluated by testing various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Total Suspended Solid (TS

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/a-scale-to-measure-farmers-resilience-in-relation-to-their-life-in-nation-calamity-hit-area-of-india/ 2014-11-21 2018-12-13 Introduction India is the land of agriculture; it may sound like cliché for many of us. But it’s also true that Agriculture as an occupation is the main source of livelihood among the rural community from the pre-historic time and still approximately 50 percent of our population is directly dependent on agriculture.1 But, the recent trends in agriculture and allied sectors are showing some depressing pictures in agriculture and that is a threat to our “

..]]> It is well recognized that India is the land of agriculture, but the recent trend shows that farmers in our country wants to quit agriculture in mass extent and are committing suicide; that is a threat to our sustainable agriculture. In this direction, the research was designed with the objective of developing a scale to measure resilience in relation to farmers’ life (RFL-Scale) in order to know why farmers are committing suicide or what motivates them to cope up in their life despite

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/magnetic-water-treatment-in-environmental-management-a-review-of-the-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives/ 2014-12-26 2018-12-14 Introduction Recent decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in the applications of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in different domains including therapeutic and diagnostic medicine, environmental managements and industrial procedures.1-7 Magnetic water treatment (MWT) is one these applications with promising potentials in health, industry and environment. Water is a crucial source for life and any living creature needs it to hydrate every cell. Long term and frequent droughts and

..]]> Magnetic water treatment (MWT) is a relatively new technique in environmental management.  Magnetic field exposure alters physical and chemical properties of water molecules resulting in unique characteristics. Magnetized water has shown various properties with possible applications in different fields of environmental management. Scale prevention/elimination, soil enhancement, plant growth, crop yield, water saving, and waste water treatment are some of these applications. Magnetic tre

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/regenerating-the-creative-place-a-new-approach-in-promoting-contemporary-heritage-of-islamic-iranian-city/ 2014-12-17 2018-12-14 Introduction From the 1970 s, changes in programs, urban policies and practices implemented a new concept of policies and practices within the cities. In this period, more scholars, writers and urban planners spoke about the reinvention and originality of the historical contexts. (Madani Pur, 2007). Based on a systematic view, by focusing on the historic cores of the cities enjoying the maximum capacity and background in urban life, cities and urban areas can be transformed into a competitive

..]]> Regenerating the historic cities and adapting them with the circumstances and developments of contemporary life is one of the essential strategies for improving the social, economic and cultural situations in historic cities.  The changes of socio-cultural conditions have necessitated more attention to high potential urban contexts such as historic hubs for improving the mentioned conditions. This research aims at studying a recent phenomenon in cities based on social, cultural and econ

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/climate-change-adaptation-real-time-nitrogen-management-in-maize-zea-mays-l-using-leaf-colour-chart/ 2014-10-22 2018-12-14 Introduction Climate change poses serious threats on crop productivity. Global warming may change growth and development pattern of crop plant, which alters most of the physiological and biochemical processes in plant. As an adaptation strategy, currently recommended cultivation practices, especially fertilizer and irrigation application, need to be adjusted suitably according to climate and plant growth. Among the cereals, maize (Zea mays L.) ranks third in total world production after wh

..]]> A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during rabi 2011-12 and 2012-13 to study the real time nitrogen management using leaf colour chart (LCC) in maize (Zea mays L.). Basal dose of 20-50 kg N-P2O5/ha was applied in all the treatments. Top dressing of 60 or 80 N in form of Urea in two splits at LCC 2, 3, 4 and 5 were compared with fixed time N application [50 kg N/ha at 30 DAS + 30 kg N/ha at 60 days after sowing

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/influence-of-temperature-on-rapeseed-mustard-yield-at-selected-locations-in-chhattisgarh-state/ 2014-08-09 2018-12-14 Introduction India is one of the largest Rapeseed-Mustard growing countries in the world, occupying the first position in area and second position in production after China. It is the second most important edible oil seed crop in India after groundnut and accounts for nearly 30 percent of the total oil seeds produced in the country. Weather parameters play major role in determining the crop growth, development and yield because weather strongly influences the physical expression of genetic po

..]]> Mustard is the second most important edible oil seed crop in India after groundnut and accounts for nearly 30 percent of the total oil seeds produced in the country. Weather parameters play major role in determining the crop growth, development and yield because weather strongly influences the physical expression of genetic potential of the crop. The present investigation aimed to find out relationship between maximum and minimum temperature during different stages of mustard crop and yield at t

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol9no3/effect-of-aflatoxin-contaminated-feed-on-energy-reservesof-fish-labeo-rohita-hamilton/ 2014-09-16 2018-12-14 Introduction In Teleost the level of glucose and protein is an indicator of stress in fishes. The major source of blood glucose is liver glycogen. The level ofurea in blood indicates the degree of damage to kidney and utilization of protein in the body.   Aflatoxin is the metabolic by product of molds Aspergillus flavus  and Aspergillus parasiticus on a variety of food such as cotton seed, corn, wheat, milk, fish meal etc.It is a toxic compound, a potent immunosuppr

..]]> Effect of aflatoxin contaminated feed on glycogen content of liver,blood glucose, total serum protein and blood urea of the fish Labeo rohita was studied. The result revealed that administration of aflatoxin decreased liver glycogen and tatal serum protein but blood level of glucose and urea increased.

..]]>