mail.cwejournal.org Current World Environment en-us https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/effect-of-hydraulic-retention-time-and-recycle-ratio-on-anoxic-oxic-bioreactor-and-artificial-wetland-performance-for-domestic-wastewater-treatment/ 2013-05-15 2018-12-19 Introduction China is experiencing rapid urban growth. Mounting population, industrialization, urbanization, and changing life style are resulting in the random generation and disposal of wastewater which in turns pollute the water environment. Nowadays, domestic wastewater has been widely studied by many researchers using different treatment processes, either by application of high-rate aerobic systems,1, 2, 3 or by application of low-rate systems3 and vertical flow constru

..]]> In this study, the effect of Hydraulic retention time (HRT) and recycle ratios on anoxic/oxic Bioreactor and Artificial wetland Performance for domestic wastewater treatment were experimented. Chemical Oxygen demand (COD), Ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), Nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and Total phosphorus (TP) removal were examined. The temperature was maintained at 20 to 24 and pH ranges was 7.6 – 8.1. The result revealed average COD removal efficiencies of 47, 68, 74, 83 and 85% at HRT of 1.5

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/sodium-adsorption-ratio-sar-prediction-of-the-chalghazi-river-using-artificial-neural-network-ann-iran/ 2013-06-15 2018-12-19 Introduction Water quality management is the surface water and groundwater quality control at any time for supplying water at a required quality for a specific use. Long-term strategies for national water resources development in a country is based on water supply, demand management, water reform, compliance with environmental aspects, and finally management of the water consumer’s activities. Identifying and estimating the basic parameters which affect the quality of water resource

..]]> Considering the significance of the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) for growing plants, its prediction is essential for water quality management for irrigation. The SAR prediction in Chelghazy River in Kurdistan, northwest of Iran, using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was studied. The study applied the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) of the ANN to average monthly data, which was collected by the water authority of the Kurdistan province for the period of 1998-2009. The input parameters of the MLP

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/air-microbial-contamination-at-the-holy-mosque-makkah-saudi-arabia/ 1970-01-01 2018-12-19 Introduction Atmospheric particles of biological origin are diverse group of microorganisms and their execrations. Airborne microorganisms originate from many sources: animal, human, and vegetation. The number and composition of airborne microorganisms have increased in the urban and rural areas.1 The presence of microorganisms depends on seasonality, geographical conditions, meteorological factors, type of sources,2,3,4 and air pollution.5 Airborne microorganisms m

..]]> Airborne microbial contamination was collected from the main directions of the holly mosque (Al-Haram mosque), Makkah city, by using the gravitational method. Bacteria, fungi and actinomycete concentrations ranged between 1470– 21800 CFU/m3; 44 - 572 CFU/m3, and 0.0 - 264 CFU/m3, respectively at all directions. Bacterial concentrations significantly differed between directions, and Gram positive bacteria constituted ~ 90-100% of the total bacterial isolates. Gammaproteobacteria were th

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/availability-of-surface-water-of-wadi-rajilas-a-source-of-groundwater-artificial-recharge-a-case-study-of-eastern-badia-jordan/ 2013-08-20 2018-12-19 Introduction Azraq basin is located in the Northeastern part of Jordan and extends northwards into Syria and southwards into Saudi Arabia. The Azraq Oasis (called locally Sabkhah or Qa’a Azraq) which is located in the central part of the basin is at a distance of about 120 km northeast of Amman. Qa’a Azraq is a relative large mudflat located in the central part of the basin. Two villages are located on the western side of the Qa’a Azraq; these are Azraq Shishan a

..]]> Wadi Rajil catchment area is considered as one of the major wadis entering the Azraq Basin from the north. It is ungauged wadi and covers an area of about 3910km2. The annual average rainfall on Wadi Rajil catchment area is about 126.6mm. Heavy thunderstorms occur in April and May, causing significant floods covering the area. The flood waters are not utilized, and a small portion infiltrates into the ground, where the great portion of these waters remain over Qaa’ Azraqfew months befo

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/gas-exchange-chlorophyll-fluorescence-and-antioxidants-as-bioindicators-of-airborne-heavy-metal-pollution-in-jeddah-saudi-arabia/ 2013-08-09 2018-12-19 Introduction  The rapid increasing population in urban areas led to anthropogenic activities and fossil fuel combustion. Emissions from road traffic that uses fossil fuel, industry, agriculture, sewage sludge, and waste incineration are the chief sources of air pollution.1,2 Air pollutants especially heavy metals are hazardous and toxic to human beings depending on their concentrations in the food stuff.3,4 Presence of airborne heavy metals in vegetable crops above the permi

..]]> Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Romaine) plants were exposed to different levels of urbanization in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. They showed different degrees of visible injury symptoms and dramatic changes in enzymatic activities as well as net photosynthetic rates (PN), variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and stomatal conductance (gs). Visual symptoms of phytotoxicity of heavy metals were observed on plants grown at industrial and urban areas, where the concentrations of metals w

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/effect-of-potato-starch-on-thermal-mechanical-properties-of-low-density-polyethylene/ 2013-06-08 2018-12-19 Introduction Plastics are one of the major parts of municipal waste.1 Most of the studies developed by blending petroleum based polymers with natural biodegradable materials that not only conserved the environment, petroleum reserves and landfills but also decrease the CO2 production and generally culminate to the sustainable development. The biodegradable polymers are the materials that converted in to the natural compounds of water, CO2, methane and other biological component by mi

..]]> In this article, biodegradability of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) with potato starch was studied. Polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) used as a compatibilizer. Samples with different levels of potato starch (as10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) with constant amount of PE-g-MA as 5% were prepared. In all samples amount of compatibilizer are the same. The effect of potato starch content on the thermal properties of blend studied with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Result show with i

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/sustainable-urbantransport-assessment-in-asian-cities/ 2013-06-29 2019-03-11 Introduction Since 2004, with the development of the “Manila Policy Dialogue on Environment and Transport in the Asian Region”, United Nations Centre for Regional Development, UNCRD, in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment of Japan, has sought to create a new paradigm in transport practices for the region. With the assistance of world-leading sustainable transport experts and governmental partners, UNCRD developed the “Aichi Statement” in 2005

..]]> Effective access and mobility in cities arethe bases for achieving urban sustainable development. Today, in Asia, uncontrolled growth of cars and motorcycles has undermined human health, urban environmental quality, economic productivity and social equity. Indicators and practices indicate that efficient public and non motorizedtransport, and prudent restrictions on private motorized vehicles have been proven effective in not only reducing the negative impacts of unsustainable transport but also

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/localized-profile-of-arsenic-concentration-in-soil-and-water-at-the-area-around-gold-mine/ 2013-08-16 2018-12-19 Introduction Exposure to arsenic can result in a variety of health problems in humans, including various forms of cancer (e.g. skin, lung, and bladder), cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease, and diabetes. Human encounter arsenic from natural and anthropogenic sources (Henke, 2009). Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) specified that the arsenic contamination in drinking water should be less than 10 µg/l. In case of soils used for agriculture and for other usages, the

..]]> Soil and water samples from the area vicinity to gold mine at Wangsaphung District, Loei province, have been collected to investigate the arsenic concentration. Five boreholes were drilled into the ground until reaching to gravel layer or bedrock, and Soil samples were collected at every 0.50 - meter depth. Four boreholes are located inside the catchment in which the gold mine situated whereas the other one was bored at the outside. In addition, 13 sets of surface water and 8 sets of groundwater

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/heavy-metal-runoff-dynamics-from-farmland-around-ikpa-river-basin-nigeria/ 2013-08-26 2018-12-20 Introduction Soils are not only a medium for plants to grow or a pool to dispose of undesirable materials, but also a transmitter of many pollutants to surface water, atmosphere and food. Therefore accumulated pollutant in surface soil can be transported to different environmental components. Soil pollutant may threaten the human health not only on hygienic quality food, but also on drinking water.  In recent years, environmental problems such as heavy metal pollution have become imp

..]]> Discharges of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead from farmland were examined based on field measurements conducted between May 18 and October 14, 2012 on poultry droppings and NPK fertilizers. The study fields are located on 15 % slope gradient area where water body of a river was contaminated with water drained from upstream farmlands. The area of the farmland is 10.7 ha, of which 0.5 ha had been used for cassava cultivation under vetiver hedge management. The mean level of Cu concentration on appl

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/environmental-effect-on-the-biological-behavior-of-the-cucurbit-beetle-epilachnachrysomelina-in-al-qunfudah-province-saudi-arabia/ 2013-08-23 2018-12-21 Introduction The spotted oriental cucumber beetle E.chrysomelina (F.) is an important pest which feeding onmany vegetable crops. It attacks plants specially members of the family Cucurbitaceae like pumpkin, sweet gourd, bittergourd, cucumber, Cucumis mello, Cucurbita pepoand Citrullus lanatus ( Talhoq, 1982 ). According to the Maps of Plant Pests of 1980 and 1990 the spread of E. chrysomelina within the scope of many of the cities of the world. The temperature is the main facto

..]]> Epilachna chrysomelina (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a phytophagous insect with an economic importance damaging the agricultural crops. The Melon Ladybird Beetle, E. Chrysomelinais one of the major phytophagous insects that feed on cucurbit plants. It is considered an economic pest in agriculture and multi-habitat insect widely distributed throughout the world. The insect is abundant in the southern region of Saudi Arabia and choose the most favourable conditions for its life cycle completion.

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/document-on-fluoride-accumulation-in-ground-and-surface-water-of-mysore-karnataka-india/ 2013-06-10 2018-12-20 Introduction Mysore covers the geographical area of 6763.82 Sq Km. The district comprises of 1203 inhabited villages with 236 grama panchayats and 9 townships. Mysore is divided into 7 taluks namely H.D Kote, Hunsur, K.R.Nagar, Mysore city, Nanjangud, Periyapatna and T. Narasipura. Mysore district fall in the survey of India degree sheet nos. 48P, 57H and 58A. The district is situated between north Latitudes 11°45' – 12°40' and east Longitudes 75&

..]]> We have documented various levels of fluoride in groundwater, running water (i.e streams, canals, river) and lake water in 130 samples collected from various sources in Mysore District. Mysore is one of the most popular tourist places in India. Fluoride is one of the parameter of water analysis, which is non-degradable and persists in the environment. Fluoride was assessed by Zirconyl- SPADNS method. Fluoride level varied from 0.2 mg/L to 3.0 mg/L with the highest level at Dalvoy Lake (3.0 ppm)

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/assessment-of-groundwater-quality-a-case-study-of-kondapur-mandal-medak-district-andhra-pradesh/ 2013-06-10 2018-12-20 Inroduction Groundwater quality assessment is important in order to ensure sustainable safe use of water. Water quality index, based on some very important water quality parameters, can provide a simple indicator of water quality at a certain location and time. Ramakrishnaiah  et al., (2009) calculated the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of Tumkur taluk. Yogendra K et al., (2007) worked out the water quality index of an urban water body, Gopishettykere, in Shimoga Town,

..]]> The suitability of groundwater for drinking purpose with respect to BIS: 10500-1991standards is assessed through statistical analysis of the data and on the basis of seasonal variation in the quality of groundwater. The study was undertaken during 2010-2011. The samples are collected during post monsoon period from bore wells being monitored by the Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department. The study area comprises of Kondapur Mandal, which is one of the 46 mandals of Medak Dis

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/a-geo-environmental-analysis-of-the-groundwater-resource-vis-a-vis-surface-water-scenario-in-guwahati-city/ 2013-07-22 2018-12-20 Introduction Groundwater constitutes about 20 percent of the world's fresh water supply, which is approximately 0.61% of the entire world's water, including oceans and permanent ice. Global groundwater storage is roughly equal to the total amount of freshwater stored in the snow and ice caps, including the north and south poles. In India more than 90% of the rural population and nearly 30% of the urban population depend on groundwater for drinking purpose (NRSA, 2008). Groundw

..]]> Guwahati city is located on a unique geo-environmental setting with an interface of hills and valleys along with a prominent river front. The existence of various surface water sources, geo-hydrological set up and rainfall intensity play a significant role in the ground water regime of the city. However, rapid urbanisation of the city during the last few decades has altered the landscape of the city and disturbed the water retention capacity as well as the flow dynamics of various surface water

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/determination-of-invisible-environmental-pollution-due-to-cell-phones-emf-radiation-and-projections-for-2030/ 2013-07-22 2018-12-20 Introduction Current world environment is increasingly getting polluted with a new entrant called Electronic pollution which is invisible. Extraordinary developments in various fields of science and technology in last few decades have increased the human involvement deeply into the natural environment, its related ecological, biological and physical systems resulting in various undesirable and unintentional negative impacts on human health and environment. Rapid development and usage of elect

..]]> In the last decades cell phones usage have altered the land scape of modern human beings in countless ways, in office, at home and on mobility. However, created the environmental electronic pollution due  to electromagnetic fields. In spite of the recent studies indicating possible harmful impact of EMF pollution on several species, there is no long term data available on the environmental impacts of EMF pollution and how much power density is radiated in the environment due to cell pho

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/heavy-metal-content-of-foods-and-health-risk-assessment-in-the-study-population-of-vadodara/ 2013-07-30 2018-12-20 Introduction Heavy metals find their entry into food from natural sources like soil, air and water through wastewater irrigation, solid waste disposal, mining, smelting, sludge applications, vehicular exhaust, fertilizers, fungicides and industrial activities.1 Muhammed et al., 2008).2 Radwan and Salama, 2006). Consumption of food crops contaminated with heavy metals is a major food chain route for human exposure3 Khan et al., 2008). The absorption of heavy metals in the system varie

..]]> Indiscriminate disposal of waste water by industries and use of effluent from the effluent channel for irrigation purpose in the peri-urban areas poses a major threat to food safety. The key objective of this study was therefore to estimate the heavy metal content of foods grown around the city of Vadodara and assess the health risk in the study population. A total of 40 foods and 17 water samples were assayed for heavy metal content using the AAS. The results indicated that the mean Arsenic con

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/effect-of-heavy-metal-present-in-cement-dust-on-soil-and-plants-of-nokha-bikaner/ 2013-08-28 2018-12-20 Introduction Complex electronic chemistry of heavy metals viz.Cr+6, Pb, Cd and Ni have been a major hurdle in unraveling its toxicity mechanism in soil and plants.1 Heavy metal toxicity in plants is observed at multiple levels from reduced yield, through effects on leaf and root growth, to inhibition an enzymatic activities and mutagenesis. The area under present investigation is a large industrial area with two cement plants running for a very long time along the roadside on NH 89.

..]]> In Nokha(Bikaner) cement industries emittes cement dust in nearby farmers fields. In these industries cement dust emitted contains traces of hexavalent chromium and lead well above permissible limit in area under investigation. However, cadmium and nickel were found below limits prescribed. To analyse heavy metals viz, Cr+6, lead, Cadmium and nickel one hundred and twenty samples were collected from four directions on surface and 20 cm depth, and analyzed on atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/cadmium-induced-histopathological-changes-in-the-intestine-of-indian-flying-barb-esomus-danricus/ 2013-08-16 2018-12-20 Introduction Cd is a non essential heavy metal, mainly used for rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics.1 Cadmium naturally occurs in the aquatic environment, but is of no known biological use and is considered one of the most toxic metals.2 Inhalation of cadmium-containing fumes can result initially in metal fume fever but may progress to chemical pnemonitis, pulmonary edema,3 Itai-itai disease, renal a

..]]> Indian flying barb (Esomus danricus) was exposed to sublethal concentrations of 636.3, 63.6 and 6.3 µgl-1 Cadmium for 28 days and intestinal histopathology was observed by light microscopy after staining with Haematoxylin-Eosine. Exposed fishes showed severe to mild superficial erosion of mucosa, dense lamina propria, chronic inflammatory cell infiltration as well as vacuolation. With the increase in exposure dose, severity of effects was observed.

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/chemical-composition-and-insecticidal-activity-of-essential-oil-obtained-from-dcm-extracts-of-psoralea-corylifolia-against-agricultural-pest/ 2013-05-11 2018-12-20 Introduction Psoralea corylifolia L. is an important medicinal plant found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It was found to synthesize diverse phenyl propanoids such as furanocoumarins, isoflavonoids etc.1-2 These compounds are mainly used to cure leucoderma, leprosy, psoriasis and inflammatory diseases of skin.3 The review reveals that it possess important activities like antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumour, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and an

..]]> The insecticidal activity of essential oils obtained from DCM extracts of Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae) against pupa of Epilachna insect was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Insecticidal activity was determined at 24 ± 4⁰C and 68 ± 5% R.H., in dark conditions. The DCM extracts of the dried seeds of the plants were subjected to Column chromatography and the oil obtained was then subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type apparatus. The ma

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/spectroscopic-methods-for-the-detection-of-organophosphate-pesticides-a-preview/ 2013-08-26 2018-12-20 Introduction Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are the ester forms of phosphoric acid usually considered as secure for agriculture uses due to their relatively fast degradation rates.1 Although the degradation of OPs is a linear function of microbial composition, pH, temperature, structural arrangement etc. OPs inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity not only in insects only, but can also affect the nervous system of other organisms as well as humans.1-3 Literature data illustrat

..]]> Organophosphate pesticides are the ester forms of phosphoric acid usually considered as secure for agriculture uses due to their relatively fast degradation rates. Organophosphorus pesticides have been extensively used in the area of agriculture to manage insect or pests of a number of economically important crops. Organophosphate pesticides are well-known as the inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase activity, not in insects only, but can also affect the nervous system of other organisms as well as

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/isolation-and-identification-of-fungi-associated-with-local-fruits-of-barak-vallley-assam/ 2013-07-22 2018-12-19 Introduction Fruits make important diet for human beings. The high concentration of various sugars, minerals, vitamins and amino acids also provide a good platform for the successful growth and survival of various parasitic and saprophytic forms of fungi (Fatima et al., 2010). Fruits are highly perishable and maintain an active metabolism during the storage phase. During post harvest period diseases can affect the quality of fruits. Post harvest deterioration of fruits may take place in any s

..]]> An investigation was carried to study the fungal diseases of eight selected local fruits in Cachar district and twenty three fungal pathogens were isolated which caused spoilage of fruits. Samples were plated out on potato dextrose agar (PDA)  medium and incubated at 28ËšC±2ËšC. Resulting growth microscopically screened for fungal species. Aspergillus was commonest fungus found in all fruits during storage of fruits.Other genera like; Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus,

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol8no2/detection-of-atrazine-and-simazine-in-ground-water-of-delhi-using-high-performance-liquid-chromatography-with-ultraviolet-detector/ 2013-08-06 2018-12-19 Introduction Herbicides belong to the class of pesticides that are used to control undesirable or noxious plant growth, generally weeds, in the crop production. These are also used in non-crop areas, where it is necessary to limit the plant growth.1 They are, therefore, also called weed killers. Herbicide usage has increased dramatically during the last two decades coinciding with the change in farming practices and increasingly intensive agriculture.2 Herbicides show a wide

..]]> Herbicide usage has increased dramatically during the last two decades coinciding with the change in farming practices and increasingly intensive agriculture. This study thus assesses herbicide occurrence in the ground water of Delhi i.e. Atrazine and Simazine herbicide. Liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane and methanol as extracting solvents were used. These extracted herbicides were separated and quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detector. Th

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