mail.cwejournal.org Current World Environment en-us https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pseasonal-assessment-of-heavy-metal-concentration-in-edaphodon-kawai-fish-of-river-yamuna-uttar-pradeshp/ 2025-10-06 2025-10-07 IntroductionAquatic food contains essential amino acids, proteins, fatty acids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. Fish are a popular seafood and a conduit for harmful heavy metals into the human beings. Heavy metals tend to accumulate in various organs of water animals, particularly fish, and can be transmitted to human via the food chain, posing serious health risks.1 Many studies have examined metal contamination in various edible fish species because fish constitute a large portion of th

..]]> The levels of eight heavy metals zinc, iron, nickel, chromium, copper, manganese, cadmium, and lead, were determined in the fish samples collected from four selected study sites along the Yamuna River in Uttar Pradesh—Mathura, Agra, Firozabad, and Etawah. Sampling was conducted across two seasons i.e. before and after monsoon, from June to December 2023. Concentrations of heavy metals were recorded at all four sampling sites. These metals enter the environment in different ways, like industri

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pmicro-algae-based-technology-for-antibiotic-waste-water-treatmentp/ 2025-11-14 2025-11-14 IntroductionAntibiotics are crucial medications which have been extensively employed to prevent infectious diseases, boost public health, and enhance the productivity of domestic and some low-cost animals.1 Over 100,000 tonnes of antibiotics are utilized globally each year.2 Studies have shown that nearly ninety percent of the medications would ultimately end up in different places by means of excretory waste.3 The antibiotic pollution in water primarily stems from the improper disposal of unuse

..]]> Antibiotic residues in wastewater pose serious environmental and public health challenges, necessitating sustainable and effective treatment methods. Unfortunately, wastewater including antibiotics is unable to be safely processed by conventional approaches like those employed in wastewater treatment plants. Water shortages throughout the world will be among the main challenges to society and the economy of the twenty-first century. Microalgae based biotechnologies have emerged as promising solu

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pecological-disruption-in-assam-a-review-of-key-invasive-plants-and-their-impacts-on-biodiversity-ecosystem-socio-economy-and-livelihoodp/ 2025-10-08 2025-10-08 IntroductionOne of the top three worldwide risks that scientist have identified is the invasion of natural ecosystems and the replacement of local flora by invasive alien species. Although some invasive species are used for purposes such as furniture, crops, and medicine to meet daily needs, their negative impacts outweigh the benefits they provide. In several research, India has also emphasized on the negative consequences of plant invasion and established goals for reducing this threat in futu

..]]> The biodiversity and ecological balance of Assam, an area of rich biodiversity and high endemism are being threatened by invasive plant species. This review presents an extensive documentation of the 32 major invasive species in the Assam including Chromolaena odorata, Ipomoea carnea, Mikania micrantha and Parthenium hysterophorus which may cause forest biome degradation, decreased agricultural output, changed the assemblages of native species and threatened human sustenance. These invasive spec

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/ptoxic-climatescapes-mapping-the-next-generation-of-environmental-risksp/ 2025-11-06 2025-11-07 IntroductionSimilar to many of today’s global crises, climate change is driving significant transformations in our environmental systems, impacting more than just temperature increases and extreme weather events. Climate change is now altering the distribution, concentration, and toxicity of environmental contaminants, creating previously unrecognized toxicological risks.1 Rising temperatures, melting glaciers, and shifts in precipitation patterns are releasing contaminants that have been long

..]]> Climate change is accelerating the release, distribution, and toxicity of numerous environmental contaminants, posing new risks to human and ecological health. This review synthesizes recent evidence (2017–2024) on the interaction between climate-related factors and contaminants such as heavy metals, PFAS, microplastics, biotoxins, and endocrine disrupting compounds. A comparative account, based on literature data, maps how temperature rise, altered precipitation, permafrost thaw, and extreme

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pspatiotemporal-assessment-of-water-quality-in-the-yamuna-river-and-its-tributaries-in-haryanap/ 2025-09-19 2025-09-19 IntroductionWater is indispensable for sustaining life and maintaining ecological balance. It supports not only biological and environmental systems but also the social and economic development of nations.1 However, the quality and availability of freshwater resources have come under increasing threat due to unchecked exploitation, pollution, and ecological degradation.2–4 Rivers, in particular, are among the most vulnerable water bodies as rivers receive pollution loads from both point and no

..]]> Rivers in northern India are increasingly threatened by urban expansion, industrial activity, and insufficient wastewater treatment. The Yamuna River, a vital Ganga tributary, suffers chronic degradation, yet its upstream stretches in Haryana are comparatively understudied. This study conducts a five-year (2019–2023) spatiotemporal assessment of water quality across 14 stations in Haryana, encompassing both the Yamuna and key tributaries. A comprehensive suite of physicochemical and microbial

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/passessment-of-pollution-and-eutrophication-status-of-an-urban-tropical-lake-in-south-indiap/ 2025-10-07 2025-10-07 IntroductionLacustrine systems are ecological markers for a region; they maintain the microclimate of the entire watershed, whether it is an urban catchment or not.1 The inhabitants of the catchment rely on surface water for a variety of purposes including recreation, irrigation, agriculture, aquaculture, industrial use and even more. Human activities within a watershed are the cause of various point source and nonpoint source pollutants that enter and harm surface water bodies like lakes. As a

..]]> The coastal lake Veli-Akkulam is crucial to Thiruvananthapuram's urban watershed, yet it is under threat from pollution caused by urbanization and industrialization. Conserving freshwater resources is a key part of Sustainable Development Goals, and the only way to protect the lake is by consistently monitoring its water quality. This study aims at evaluating the pollution level of the lake throughout the seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) of 2022–2023 using the Carlson Trop

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pbiodegradation-potential-of-indigenous-soil-bacteria-against-chlorpyrifos-in-suthamalli-reservoir-tirunelveli-indiap/ 2025-09-23 2025-09-23 IntroductionChlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate pesticide that is commonly applied in rural areas to control pests in crops such as paddy, banana, and vegetables. However, it persists in soil and water, breaking down into harmful by-products such as 2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trichloropyridine, this leads to serious environmental and health issues. Over time, CPF can accumulate in rural environments, affecting soil and water quality as well as non-target organisms. Traditional methods for c

..]]> The current study focuses on chlorpyrifos-degrading bacteria that were isolated from soil samples of Suthamalli Dam, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. The pesticide were extracted from the sample using the SLE-LTP method. UV-visible spectroscopy showed supreme absorbance at 280 nm, confirming the existence of chlorpyrifos in the soil. Eight bacterial species were isolated for bioremediation on nutrient-agar medium. Three isolates, RFS1, RFS4, and RFS6 (Streptococcus, Rhodococcus and Bacillus spe

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pphotocatalytic-degradation-of-bismarck-brown-y-azo-dye-by-using-an-immobilised-photocatalyst-and-their-reusabilityp/ 2025-10-13 2025-10-14 IntroductionThe discharge of dye-contaminated wastewater from various industries has emerged as a significant environmental challenge worldwide. Azo dyes, widely used in textiles, food, and cosmetics, pose persistent problems due to their complex chemical structures that render them highly resistant to conventional wastewater treatment methods such as coagulation-flocculation and biological degradation. Traditional treatments are often ineffective, as these dyes not only exhibit toxicity but als

..]]> The elimination of organic pollutants, particularly azo dyes, is of critical concern due to their toxicity, chemical stability, and mutagenic effects on living systems. In this work, the photocatalytic degradation of Bismarck Brown Y, a representative azo dye, was investigated using Amberchrom 1×2 in its chloride form, immobilized as a photocatalyst with a mesh size of 100–200, which also functions as an adsorbent. The fine mesh size provides a higher surface area, facilitating both dye adsor

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pa-geographical-analysis-of-non-communicable-diseases-among-tribal-population-of-north-maharashtrap/ 2025-10-20 2025-10-20 IntroductionNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) among tribal populations are an important area of public health research, particularly in the northern part of Maharashtra, where the local population is likely to face various health problems. The region offers a complex landscape to understand the distribution and prevalence of NCDs, given the large number of tribal settlements and the different topographical features.1 Historically, the tribal population of northern Maharashtra, in Nandurbar, Dhule

..]]> This study examines the emergence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among tribal populations in North Maharashtra, India, with a focus on the districts of Nandurbar, Dhule, and Jalgaon. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 2022 and 2023, covering 400 households selected through multistage stratified random sampling, supplemented with secondary data from NFHS-5. Using village-scale GIS mapping, epidemiological survey data, and Random Forest modeling, the study analyzed the prevalence

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pa-comparative-study-of-physicochemical-characteristics-of-siddhewadi-and-morna-tank-south-western-part-of-maharashtra-indiap/ 2025-10-14 2025-10-15 IntroductionWater is an essential natural resource for the life functions of all living beings. It is the universal solvent that not only supports life but also acts as a medium for pathogens.1 Although about 70% of the surface of the Earth is occupied by water, and just 0.02% of it is of freshwater from tanks, rivers, and ponds, it meets our diverse needs. For the survival of living organisms water is very essential. Poor water quality is responsible for approximately 3.1% of global deaths.2 Th

..]]> The South-western part of Maharashtra includes the Sangli, Satara, and Kolhapur districts. These three districts are agriculturally well-developed due to fertile land and substantial water resources such as the river Krishna and its tributaries. Several minor irrigation tanks, which was specially built for irrigation and drinking purposes. The Siddhewadi and Morna MI tanks are major water resources to the Tasgoan and Shirala tehsil community for drinking and irrigation, but these water bodies ar

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pclimate-changes-impact-on-water-resources-chak-watershed-afghanistanp/ 2025-10-28 2025-10-28 IntroductionThe Chak watershed is located in arid and semi-arid area between Latitudes 330 59’ 7’’ to 340 27’ 59’’ and Longitudes 670 37’ 14’’ to 680 65’ 6’’ with an area of 5,831 km2. Topography alpine with steep slopes.1 Max Elevation of 4236m, Min 1912m. Mountains are rocky with sharp peaks, and steep slopes, and the Five largest rivers in terms of the catchment area, follow the Kabul (76, 908 km²) basin.2 The Chak originates from the western slope of the on. Eight ma

..]]> The Chak River basin, also known as a watershed, is one of the most important river basins in Afghanistan, particularly in terms of its location and economy. However, with the increasing population and rapid industrial growth in this basin, an analysis is needed to address climate change scenarios. Climatic variables such as temperature, and rainfall are the most important variables that influence the hydrological process. The impact of these variables on hydrology at the basin level is importan

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pcarbon-footprint-comparative-analysis-in-a-slum-and-a-gated-community-in-chennai-indiap/ 2026-01-16 2026-01-16 IntroductionThe escalating impacts of climate change have intensified global concerns about carbon emissions, particularly in urban areas where population density and consumption rates are high.12,14 Urban households play a crucial role in shaping emission trajectories through their daily energy use, transport choices, and waste management practices.In the Indian context, the state of Tamil Nadu—and particularly the city of Chennai—has undergone rapid urbanization, leading to a surg

..]]> Climate change poses an urgent global challenge, with urban household consumption patterns contributing significantly to carbon emissions. In rapidly urbanizing cities such as Chennai, understanding the socio-economic and infrastructural drivers of household emissions is vital for developing equitable and effective climate policies. This study compares the carbon footprints of two socio-economically distinct neighbourhoods in Chennai: Saidapet Slum, representing a low-income community, and the O

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pisolation-screening-and-characterization-of-plastic-degrading-bacteria-from-soil-for-pwmp/ 2026-01-15 2026-01-15 IntroductionPlastics are non-metallic substances, derived from fossil fuels that can be moulded into any desired shape. They are durable, resilient, moisture-resistant, lightweight polymers composed of carbon combined with hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, and other organic and inorganic elements. Owing to their adaptability, robustness, and low weight, they are widely used in medical, agriculture, and packaging industries. PVC, PBT, PP, PS, Polyethene and nylon are the most widely used polymers in t

..]]> Plastic pollution causes a potential environmental challenge due to its perseverance and detrimental effects on ecological system. The problem statement addresses the urgent need for biological solutions to mitigate plastic waste degradation for effective PWM as traditional methods like recycling and incineration are insufficient. In this study, bacterial strains have been reported for their capability of degrading plastic collected from soil samples from garbage. An opaque method was used for s

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/passessment-and-management-of-hebbal-lake-bangalore-water-quality-pollution-and-restoration-strategiesp/ 2026-01-13 2026-01-13 IntroductionWater is a critical natural resource, essential for life, agriculture, industry, and urban development. Rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrialization have increased the pressure on freshwater resources in India.1-4 Surface water bodies, including lakes, are particularly vulnerable to pollution, nutrient enrichment, and habitat degradation.5-7Urban lakes play a multifunctional role: they provide freshwater, habitat for diverse flora and fauna, regulate hydrological cycl

..]]> Urban lakes are vital freshwater resources that support biodiversity, ecological balance, and human activities. Hebbal Lake, located in northern Bangalore, India, is a historically significant and ecologically important water body that faces challenges from urbanization, sewage inflow, and industrial discharge. This study assessed the water quality, microbial contamination, and heavy metal concentrations in lake sludge. Forty-nine water samples and four sludge samples were collected from differe

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/penvironmental-impact-of-tanzanias-economic-transition-shaped-by-industrialisation-urbanisation-energy-consumption-and-investmentp/ 2026-01-13 2026-01-13 IntroductionHuman progress is intimately linked with the process of industrialisation, technological innovations and advancements, financial development, urbanisation and a shift towards renewable sources of energy. In dismay of many, such progress has brought about some environmental concerns. The industrialisation process has brought about environmental pollution and resource depletion, with significant development and stability in financial sectors, encouraging some unsustainable practices.1�

..]]> This research analyses the key factors influencing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Tanzania by incorporating economic structure, population dynamics, and technological advancement. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach alongside the Error Correction Model (ECM), the study evaluates both short-term and long-term impacts of industrial expansion, financial sector development, urban growth, technological progress, trade integration, renewable energy consumption, and foreign dire

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pmicroalgae-biomass-production-cultivation-techniques-and-applicationsp/ 2026-01-12 2026-01-12 IntroductionThe advancement and widespread implementation of clean technologies for energy generation present a challenge for researchers and a priority for energy system operators. Biomass from various origins, with distinct properties and energetic transformability, is recognised as a key source of renewable energy. The term "microalgae" typically denotes eukaryotic microalgae and prokaryotic cyanobacteria in the field of applied biology. In common usage, "algae" does not d

..]]> Microalgae biomass production provides a sustainable option for various industries, utilizing advanced cultivation methods to generate valuable compounds. Microalgae biomass is abundant in proteins, lipids, and pigments, making it suitable for diverse applications, including biofuels, animal feed, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. Arthrospira (Spirulina), Chaetoceros, Chlorella, Dunaliella, and Isochrysis are a few of the main microalgal species used to produce commercial products. The potential of

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pfirst-report-on-dung-profile-of-banbakri-antelope-ecological-insights-for-sustainable-farmingp/ 2026-01-12 2026-01-12 IntroductionOrganic manure improves soil fertility, enhances soil structure, supports beneficial microbes, provides slow-release nutrients, and promotes long-term sustainable plant growth. Declining soil fertility is a critical challenge in global agriculture, including India, where mechanization, reduced cattle farming, and presently crop residue burning have accelerated nutrient depletion.1-2 For marginal farmers, inorganic fertilizers are often unaffordable, leading to negative nutrient balan

..]]> Dung from wild herbivores serves as an important source of organic matter and nutrients, enhancing soil fertility and promoting sustainable farming systems. However, information on the dung characteristics of the Banbakri antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus), a species widely distributed in northern India, is lacking. The present study examined the physical and chemical properties of Banbakri dung collected from the Haryana Agricultural Farm, VKS College of Agriculture, Dumraon (Bihar), during Aug

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pvalorization-of-potato-peel-waste-into-starch-based-bioplastic-films-using-glycerol-and-sorbitol-plasticizersp/ 2026-01-12 2026-01-12 IntroductionThe urgent challenge of plastic pollution and the depletion of petroleum-based resources have intensified the search for sustainable, biodegradable alternatives.1 Globally, an estimated 390 million tonnes of plastics are produced annually, of which only about 9% is recycled, while the remainder is incinerated or accumulates in landfills and natural ecosystems.2 This growing crisis has led to stricter environmental guidelines, such as the European Union’s Single-Use Plastics Directi

..]]> The valorization of potato peel waste into biodegradable materials offers a sustainable approach to reducing plastic pollution. Starch extracted by wet sedimentation yielded 17.10% with high purity (ash 0.47%, moisture 14.00%, amylose 21.20%, amylopectin 78.80%). Bioplastic films prepared using glycerol, sorbitol, and a glycerol–sorbitol blend were evaluated for physical, mechanical, optical, structural, and biodegradation characteristics. Glycerol-plasticized films showed the greatest flexibi

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/passessment-of-air-pollution-knowledge-among-health-care-professionals-of-syri-block-solan-indiap/ 2026-01-12 2026-01-12 IntroductionGlobally the burden of air pollution is heterogenous and its impact being ubiquitous. Growing evidence of the harmful impact of air pollution on human health especially on non- communicable diseases such as ischemic heart disease, stroke, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer, eventually led to the adoption of a resolution on air quality and health by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015.1 Worldwide, air pollution ranks among the top ten risk factors which attri

..]]> Air Pollution knowledge of health care providers determines communication of adverse effects of pollution to the patients. Hence a study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of health care providers on air pollution. A pilot cross-sectional study by telephonic survey, with informed consent and voluntary participation was conducted in October 2025 in health block Syri of district Solan, India.16 (36.4%) Doctors and 28 (63.6%) Paramedical staff, mean age 36.18 years, SD 9.8, p

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/papplication-of-bentonite-and-modified-bentonite-as-green-adsorbent-for-cadmium-removal-from-aqueous-mediump/ 2026-01-09 2026-01-09 IntroductionGeological weathering, geochemical reactions due to the association of cadmium ores along with zinc ores contribute to the cadmium contamination in water.1,2 Anthropogenic activities such as industrial discharge, solid waste disposals, battery manufacturing, and metal work industries contribute significantly to the cadmium contamination.3,4 Activated carbon, agriculture wastes, cynodon dactyon (perrenial grass) are few prominent effective bio-adsorbents used for the remediation of he

..]]> Cadmium in aqueous medium is posing a serious threat to human health and ecosystem. Cd(II) enters the food chain and get biomagnified leading to adverse health effects. Cadmium contamination affects kidneys, bones and lungs due to its persistence and bioaccumulation.The present study deals with the removal of cadmium ion from aqueous medium using bentonite powder and bentonite modified with green saponins such as Sapindus mukorossi (reetha) and Aloe vera. The residual concentration was found to

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pmorphometric-analysis-and-drainage-anomaly-assessment-of-the-kanchi-river-basin-jharkhand-india-insights-from-dem-and-gis-techniquesp/ 2026-01-09 2026-01-09 IntroductionThe systematic and descriptive study of landforms is known as geomorphology. A geomorphic system, generally described in terms of the dominant agent of geomorphic activity, refers to a set of interconnected landforms and processes.1 Within this discipline, fluvial geomorphology focuses on understanding how river processes and landform dynamics interact across different spatial and temporal scales. In recent years, geomorphology has significantly advanced with the integration of RS an

..]]> This study examines the morphometric characteristics and drainage anomalies of the Kanchi River Basin, which is a tributary of the Subarnarekha River located in Jharkhand, India. SRTM DEM data alongside ArcGIS 10.3.1 were utilized to outline the drainage system and conduct morphometric evaluations. The recorded drainage density stands at 1.13 km/km², the stream frequency at 0.97 streams/km², and the relative relief at 276.66 m. The anomalies in DD range from –1.23 to –2.35 km/km², while t

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pair-pollution-in-ncr-delhi-drivers-and-measuresp/ 2026-01-09 2026-01-09 Air pollution is a very hot topic at present in the Indo-Pacific region. Air quality in Delhi also continues to face one of the world’s most severe air pollution crises, with Delhi’s AQI frequently in the “very poor” to “severe” category, often above 300–400 in winter months.1 Across India, toxic air is linked to millions of premature deaths annually, highlighting urgent gaps in urban planning, regulation, and sustainable economic development.2 There are a number of reports which s

..]]> Editorial

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pcomparative-analysis-of-fluoride-removal-using-activated-carbon-derived-from-three-plant-sources-adsorption-modelling-regeneration-and-environmental-implicationp/ 2026-01-07 2026-01-07 IntroductionFluoride contamination: A global environmental and health concernFluoride, a naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust, is globally distributed unevenly in groundwater, and both its deficiency and excess in drinking water present significant health concerns. Humans are exposed to fluoride mainly in two ways; systemically, through drinking water, eating various foods, taking fluoride supplements and topically, through the use of dental products like toothpaste, mouth rinse

..]]> This study evaluates phosphoric acid–activated carbons derived from Colocasia esculenta (yam), Ageratina adenophora (crofton weed), and Sechium edule (squash) for fluoride removal from water. The prepared carbons exhibited high BET surface areas of 884.4, 803.2, and 731.5 m²/g, respectively, with well-developed porous structures confirmed by SEM analysis. FTIR spectra indicated abundant oxygen-containing functional groups that facilitated fluoride adsorption. Under optimal conditions, yam-der

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/passessing-the-significance-of-microgram-mcg-balance-accuracy-for-leaf-functional-trait-measurementsp/ 2026-01-02 2026-01-02 IntroductionLeaf functional traits are central to understanding plant ecological strategies, ecosystem processes, and global vegetation patterns. Among these, leaf mass per area (LMA) is one of the most widely measured and ecologically meaningful traits, integrating structural investment, resource-use strategy, lifespan, and photosynthetic capacity.1,2 LMA forms the backbone of the global “leaf economics spectrum,” which describes the trade-off between rapid carbon gain and long-term resourc

..]]> Accurate determination of leaf dry mass is fundamental to estimating key functional traits such as leaf mass per area (LMA). However, the importance of balance readability (1 mg vs 0.1 mg) for trait precision has rarely been quantified. We simulated 20,000 leaves spanning 1–500 mg dry mass to assess how balance resolution influences LMA error. When measured with a 1 mg balance, small leaves (20 mg per sample. Such precision ensures consistency in trait-based ecological studies. By revealing th

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pbacterial-degradation-of-textile-dyes-by-cultures-isolated-from-effluent-samplesp/ 2026-01-31 2026-01-02 IntroductionIndustries often release untreated wastewater into the environment, leading to pollution. Textile dyeing operations, in particular, produce vast quantities of wastewater daily on a global scale. This wastewater frequently contains hazardous chemicals, including synthetic/ noxious dyes and metal contaminants such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, and chromium, which are used in textile dye production.1 While dyes were once derived from natural sources like flowers, vegetables, roots

..]]> The disposal of untreated wastewater from textile industries poses significant environmental challenges resulting from the occurrence of toxic colorants and heavy metal contaminants. This experimental study investigates the biodegradation of methyl orange and Congo red dyes using bacterial mixed cultures isolated from textile effluents. Four bacterial strains, including Escherichia spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacter spp., were evaluated for their decolorization efficien

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/panalysis-of-pollution-load-assimilation-capacity-and-pollution-status-of-babon-river-semarang-central-javap/ 2025-12-22 2025-12-22 IntroductionSemarang Bay is part of the Java Sea waters, stretching from Tanjung Korowelang in Kendal Regency to the coast of Morodemak, Demak Regency, at a distance of about 23 miles and a water area of approximately 23 miles.1,2,29 Streams empty into this bay.3 The number of rivers that empty into Semarang Bay, causing the waters of the bay to be prone to pollution, by waste from various activities on coastal lands and along river flows, such as agriculture, aquaculture, households, and indust

..]]> Various studies using physical, chemical, and biological parameters have shown that the Babon River is lightly to heavily polluted. Using the Babon River as a raw water source for drinking water requires better and stricter management to control river pollution. This study aimed to determine the pollution load, assimilation capacity, and pollution status of the Babon River using TSS, TDS, nitrate, phosphate, total phosphate, metals Cd, Cr, and Pb. Water sampling was conducted three times a year

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pgrounding-interventions-an-ethnographic-analysis-of-government-and-non-governmental-food-security-efforts-in-rural-tigray-ethiopiap/ 2025-12-17 2025-12-17 IntroductionFood insecurity is still one of the most severe and enduring socioeconomic problems in the world, especially in the Horn of Africa, where political unrest and climatic shocks constantly increase vulnerability.1 Since the mid-2000s, government policies, such as the extensive Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), and various non-governmental humanitarian initiatives have attempted to address the widespread problem of chronic and acute hunger in Ethiopia, and more especially in the Ti

..]]> Food insecurity is still a serious issue in rural Tigray, Ethiopia, due to persistent climatic disruptions, armed conflict, and economic instability. Successes, major challenges, and possible opportunities for strengthening governmental and nongovernmental interventions toward greater food security in the affected tabias of Agazi, Beleso, and Guahgot are examined in this study. It used a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative data from a survey of 342 rural households with qualitative data

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/ptoxicological-impact-of-silver-nanoparticles-on-the-hematological-and-oxidative-stress-markers-in-freshwater-fish-labeo-rohita-a-spectroscopic-approachp/ 2025-12-17 2025-12-17 IntroductionIn recent years, nanotechnology has expanded rapidly, leading to the increased production and application of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in industry, healthcare, and household goods. Among the various types of nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are moat common due to their strong antibacterial activity, stable chemical nature, and distinctive optical characteristics. Consequently, they are now present in a wide variety of everyday products, including fabrics, personal ca

..]]> The rapid and widespread application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) across various industrial sectors has raised substantial environmental apprehensions, especially concerning their impact on aquatic ecosystems. In light of these concerns, the current study evaluates the toxicological effects of AgNP exposure on the hematological parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers in Labeo rohita, a freshwater fish species of considerable economic importance in aquaculture. To elucidate the interaction

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/ptopographic-influence-on-the-spatial-distribution-of-drinking-water-services-in-taiz-city-yemenp/ 2025-12-02 2025-12-02 IntroductionTopography plays a pivotal role in shaping human activities in their various forms and exerts a profound influence on the formation and spatial configuration of cities1. Among the services most closely tied to topographical features is the distribution of drinking water, which is significantly affected by factors such as slope gradients, elevation variation, and directional flow. These, in turn, influence hydraulic pressure, pumping efficiency, and overall network performance.2 Water

..]]> This study analyzes the impact of Taiz City’s mountainous topography on the hydraulic efficiency and spatial equity of its drinking water distribution system. Taiz, situated between 1,150 and 1,700 meters above sea level, features highly variable terrain that strongly influences network performance. The study aims to assess the impact of elevation and slope on water coverage, losses, and infrastructure efficiency by integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the Global Positioning Syste

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pquality-of-lake-water-in-bangalore-and-subterrain-aquifers-rechargep/ 2025-12-02 2025-12-02 IntroductionBangalore’s heritage reflects a strong legacy of water management, earning it the title “Land of a Thousand Lakes.” From Kempegowda’s early tanks—Dharmambudhi, Kempambudhi, and Sampangi—to British-built reservoirs like Sankey Tank, the city developed a thriving microclimate sustained by interconnected lakes and valleys such as Hebbal, Koramangala, and Vrishabhavathi. These systems once supported domestic and agricultural needs, with over 600 lakes recorded in the 1986–8

..]]> Lakes are critical freshwater ecosystems that sustain biodiversity, regulate hydrological cycles, and support urban life. Bangalore, located on the southern Indian Deccan plateau, historically relied on a network of man-made lakes for water supply and aquifer recharge. However, rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to severe lake degradation through domestic and industrial waste discharge. This review compiles data from 2000–2022 on the water quality of major lakes—Madiwala, Vart

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pphytoremediation-for-air-quality-a-sustainable-solution-for-urban-resilience-and-post-covid-green-recoveryp/ 2025-12-02 2025-12-02 IntroductionThe atmosphere is a vital, dynamic envelope of gases and particulates that envelops the Earth, composed primarily of nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour, and trace noble gases such as neon (Ne) and helium (He). This atmospheric layer plays an indispensable role in sustaining life by regulating global temperatures through the greenhouse effect, shielding the biosphere from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and facilitating the hydrological cycle through cl

..]]> Urban air pollution remains a critical environmental challenge in rapidly developing countries such as India, with severe implications for public health, ecosystem stability, and progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 3, 11, and 13). While mechanical air-purification systems offer some relief, their high costs and operational limitations underscore the need for sustainable, nature-based solutions. This review highlights phytoremediation as a cost-effective, eco-f

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pintegrated-analysis-of-soil-properties-for-health-monitoring-in-the-yamuna-watershedp/ 2025-11-26 2025-11-26 IntroductionNorthern India's agricultural and natural environment is greatly influenced by the Yamuna River, one of the country's principal rivers and the main tributary of the Ganges.1 Soil quality along its banks is of significant interest due to its impact on agriculture, ecosystem health, and as an indicator of pollution levels.2 Physical and chemical parameters of soil quality in the Yamuna River basin include: physical parameters like Bulk texture, Porosity, Water holding capacit

..]]> Soil analysis, which determines the inputs required for lucrative and productive operations, is a helpful tool for farms. A thorough soil test may help guarantee that the right amount of fertilizer is applied to satisfy crop needs while using the nutrients already present in the soil. The objectives of soil analysis are to ascertain the level of nutrient availability or the need for its input. Since fertilization does not always increase yields in poor soils owing to a number of limiting variabl

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no3/pchitosan-based-hydrogels-for-sustainable-wastewater-treatment-a-comprehensive-review-on-dye-and-heavy-metal-removalp/ 2025-11-14 2025-11-14 IntroductionWater is essential for all living organisms, yet, although it covers 71% of Earth's surface, only 3% is freshwater, with just 1% readily usable.1 Mountains, icebergs, glaciers, and polar snow represent potential locked-in reservoirs of remaining freshwater. Most freshwater is unavailable, and population and industrial expansion exacerbate this scarcity. The type of water pollution resulting from industrial activities depends on the facility's management. Water pollution is

..]]> Rapid industrialization increases water contamination from synthetic dyes (Congo red, Crystal violet, etc.) and heavy metals (Pb²+, Cd²+, etc.), driving the need for more efficient water treatment methods to address these contaminants. This review highlights recent breakthroughs in chitosan hydrogel material as an advancement in wastewater treatment methods. Biopolymers have been observed to have a substantial ability to absorb liquids, owing to their -OH, -NH2, and -COOH functional groups, wh

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