mail.cwejournal.org Current World Environment en-us https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/phydrogeochemical-analysis-and-quality-assessment-of-groundwater-in-hothpeth-and-surrounding-villages-shahapur-taluka-yadgir-district-karnataka-state-indiap/ 2025-06-02 2025-06-03 IntroductionWater is a vital resource since it possesses several unique qualities. We all use water to prepare, clean, cultivate, drink, and wash; therefore, it's our most valuable endurance resource. The fact that industry requires significantly more water to generate power, make materials, to transport people and goods is one factor contributing to the everyday consumption. Increased demand for water is being caused by urban sprawl, growing populations, and expanding economic activity. As

..]]> Water is the precious natural resource. Water takes up most of the world's surface area, but the majority of the water is not drinkable, and that's why water is a limited resource. Therefore, care must be exercised while consuming this precious limited resource. Sources of water should be inspected at regular intervals to assess its overall quality. Besides being an indication of ecological deterioration, contaminated water bodies are harmful to the environment. Poor water quality in i

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pmitigation-of-chromium-induced-phytotoxicity-in-citric-acid-supplemented-vigna-radiata-l-seedlings-by-modulation-of-oxidative-biomarkers-and-antioxidant-systemp/ 2025-07-28 2025-07-29 IntroductionHeavy metal contamination in soil has become a menace to mankind. Exposure to escalated amount of heavy metals can lead to phytotoxicity due to bonding of heavy metals to sulfhydryl and generation of reactive oxygen species.1 As a result of  its significant toxicity and prevalence, chromium has become top target for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).2 It is considered as one of the fourteen most toxic heavy metals and commonly detected in ground water at hazardous wa

..]]> Soil and water contamination by heavy metals, such as chromium, poses a significant food safety concern. Scientists are suggesting various remedial strategies to address this burning problem worldwide. Chromium-VI causes detrimental morphological, physiological and metabolic impacts on plant system. In this research, we examined how citric acid influences the reduction of stress caused by Cr-VI stress in mung bean (Vigna radiata) seedlings. Results showed that Cr exposure led to diminished plant

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pevaluating-pollutants-role-on-climate-alterations-in-the-north-central-maharashtra-region-indiap/ 2025-06-17 2025-06-17 IntroductionThe death toll goes beyond seven million due to air pollution annually, with significant economic costs and health burdens, particularly in global south countries. This underscores the urgent need for action to mitigate these risks and protect health, noting that early exposure can lead to lifelong health issues. Air pollution is a pressing issue in India also, with approximately 80% of Indian metropolitan areas failing short of fulfilling the expected air quality benchmarks. Alarmin

..]]> The role of air pollutants in the climate alterations of the North Central region of Maharashtra was analysed with a focus on predicting the Air Quality Index, a crucial tool for managing air quality in both residential and industrial areas. A two-year study assessed air quality by analysing gaseous pollutants such as Sulfur Dioxide(SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2), and particulate matter(PM10&PM2.5).Pollutant concentration were estimated using satellite data from Sentinel-5P and OMI/Aura, supple

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/p-classmsonormalspan-langen-usassessment-of-heavy-metal-contamination-in-vegetables-from-industrial-areas-of-haryanaopopspanp/ 2025-05-21 2025-05-21 IntroductionThe rapid industrialization, population explosion, and unsustainable utilization of natural resources have resulted in an increase in all kinds of pollution in recent decades. As the environment has no boundaries, the pollutants move from one form of medium to another, like the lead emitted in the atmosphere by using leaded petrol, which left its residues on the plants, soil, and water. All the pollutants are equally harmful, but heavy metals have several health effects on humans and

..]]> This study examines the presence of heavy metal pollution in 111 vegetable samples that were collected in the winter from industrial regions in Haryana, India. The samples mean heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg-1 dry weight) were determined to be as follows Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, was 158.01, 0.23, 0.04, 3.70, 7.82, 297.87, 39.81, 1.78, 0.52, and 32.21 respectively. Two main metal clusters (Al-Fe-Pb and Zn-Cu) were identified by statistical analysis, indicating shared contami

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pseasonal-and-diurnal-patterns-of-air-pollutants-in-faridabad-a-2024-urban-air-quality-assessmentp/ 2025-07-03 2025-07-04 IntroductionAir pollution has become a major public health and environmental issue in many urban centers across India, notably places such as Faridabad. Studies have repeatedly shown that air pollutants, including PM2.5, NOx, SO2, and CO, severely harm both human health and ecological systems. Different studies across northern India confirmed consistent elevations in these pollutants, especially during the winter and postmonsoon seasons, due to meteorological inversions and stagnant air conditio

..]]> Air pollution poses a severe threat to public health in Indian cities such as Faridabad, where vehicular traffic, industrial activities, and seasonal biomass burning intensify pollutant concentrations. This study aims to analyze hourly air quality data from 2024 to examine the diurnal and seasonal variations in six major pollutants and their compliance with air quality standards. The results revealed that the PM2.5 concentration peaked at 171.85 µg/m³ in winter, exceeding the WHO 24-hour limit

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pintegrated-evaluation-of-toxicity-and-seasonal-water-productivity-in-urban-lakes-a-multimodal-approach-to-aquatic-ecosystem-healthp/ 2025-07-22 2025-07-22 IntroductionUrban lakes are ecosystems playing a vital role in groundwater recharge and microclimate regulation.1 Encroachment of urban lands has led to surface sedimentation, pesticide and untreated sewage disposal into lakes, causing oxygen depletion, eutrophication and biodiversity loss.2 Globally, lakes in cities like Nairobi, Beijing, Sao Paulo, etc have exhibited drastic anthropogenic stress, impairing aquatic productivity and ecosystem function.3Urbanization has greatly affected the ecolo

..]]> This study evaluates the ecological health of three lakes in North Bangalore: Ullal, Herohalli, and Lingadheeranahalli by combining primary productivity metrics with developmental toxicity assays using zebrafish. Primary productivity was measured using the light and dark bottle method and chlorophyll analysis. Herohalli Lake showed the highest gross (10.67±9.50) and net productivity (9.40±13.36) along with elevated chlorophyll levels (46.9±13.1), indicating a healthier aquatic ecosystem. In c

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pcomparative-study-of-sal-shorea-robusta-gaertn-f-regeneration-in-assisted-and-non-assisted-natural-regeneration-forests-of-kumaun-himalaya-indiap/ 2025-07-17 2025-07-18 IntroductionShorea robusta (Gaertn. f.) is a deciduous dominant species in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It thrives as a climax species1 in Tropical Moist Deciduous and Tropical Dry Deciduous forests of India. However, the Sal region is facing significant threats from human activities, including infrastructure development, forest fires, and over- extraction of forest resources. These are causing irreversible impacts on local forest ecosystems. Also, expressway projects have led to widespread clea

..]]> The present study compares the regeneration status of Sal forests under Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) and non-ANR conditions in the Kumaun Himalaya, a region where such a comparative analysis has not been conducted previously. Tree stages were classified into three categories based on diameter at breast height (DBH): adults (DBH > 5 cm), saplings (DBH < 5 cm), and seedlings (DBH < 1 cm). The results show that ANR has a hierarchical structure of seedlings > saplings> adults,

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pseasonal-variation-of-physicochemical-parameters-of-manjalar-reservoir-on-western-ghats-tamil-nadu-indiap/ 2025-07-23 2025-07-23 IntroductionWater also exists in liquid and crystal states on the surfaces of the Earth. Earth is 96.5% water-covered; 71% is found in oceans and 1.7% in groundwater. 1.7 % in glaciers. Reservoirs are water bodies that facilitate the study, the effect of the relative state of that determines the diversity of the organisms and fish fauna.1 There reservoir water basically used for agricultural uses, domestic purposes, and fisheries management. The survival and growth of all living organisms depend

..]]> Freshwater is the most essential for the all living beings in the world and its natural ecosystems. The present study aimed to identify suitable sources of water from the reservoir for domestic, irrigation, and agricultural purposes. Water samples were collected fortnightly from January 2022 to December 2022, at four sampling sites and were analyzed using various physicochemical parameters, such as, pH, air temperature, water temperature, TDS, chloride, total alkalinity, DO, BOD, COD, total hard

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pactinomycetes-as-a-promising-tool-for-plastic-and-hydrocarbon-biodegradationp/ 2025-07-01 2025-07-01 IntroductionIn the fields of chemistry and material sciences, the synthesis of polymers like plastic from crude oil was revolutionary. This discovery opened a new doorway for the production of the most resistant and durable material, such as plastic.1 A popular plastic polymer, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is renowned for its adaptability, low density, and flexibility. It is produced through the polymerization of ethylene monomers under high pressure (1000 to 2000 atmospheres), which results

..]]> Plastics and hydrocarbons are among the most prominent contaminants causing severe harm to the environment. Low-density polyethylene is one of the most commonly used plastics in day-to-day life. The high surface area and hydrophobicity of this plastic material serve as a vector for the transfer of other organic pollutants, like hydrocarbons. Eliminating these pollutants helps combat climate change and provide a safer and more sustainable future for all. Addressing both plastic and hydrocarbon po

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pecological-and-climatic-insights-from-seasonal-ponds-of-nediyenga-kerala-india-vegetation-diversity-and-environmental-variabilityp/ 2025-05-28 2025-05-28 IntroductionLateritic plateaus, significant geological formations in tropical regions, are ecologically rich and biodiverse.¹ First identified by Francis H. Buchanan in 1807 at Angadippuram, Kerala, laterite is known for its porous structure, reddish color, and nutrient-poor soils.2 Formed through chemical weathering, these iron- and aluminium-rich substrates support ecologically diverse yet nutrient-limited ecosystems. These edaphic limitations support specialized biodiversity, making them glo

..]]> Seasonal pools and ephemeral wetlands are ecologically significant habitats that support diverse flora and fauna. This study, conducted during the 2022–23 monsoon at Nediyenga, Sreekandapuram, Kannur District, Kerala, explores herbaceous plant diversity, soil and water characteristics, and climate trends. A total of 53 vascular plant species from 34 families were documented, with angiosperms accounting for 96% and dicots being dominant. Endemic and threatened species such as Rotala malabarica

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/ptree-biomass-and-carbon-stock-variations-between-riparian-and-terrestrial-forests-in-central-himalayap/ 2025-07-11 2025-07-11 IntroductionForest ecosystems are one of the most important types of ecosystems in terms of global carbon budget.1-6 An essential ecological component in evaluating carbon sequestration and the efficiency of carbon sinks is biomass, a basic quantitative characteristic of ecosystems. Riparian forests are vital components of terrestrial landscapes as they host both flood-tolerant species and species migrating from nearby uplands, making them key contributors to the region's overall plant biod

..]]> Riparian and terrestrial forests are vital components of tropical ecosystems, playing a key role in carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. This study assessed and compared tree biomass and carbon stock between riparian and adjacent terrestrial forests along the Sharda River in the Central Himalaya to understand structural and functional differences. Field surveys were conducted during 2023–2024 across three sites in each forest type using ten randomly placed 10 × 10 m quadrats pe

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pmanagement-of-urban-water-resources-through-amrut-in-uttar-pradeshp/ 2025-07-22 2025-07-23 IntroductionThe rapid urbanization in India has significantly impacted the quality of life in its cities, leading to a decline in the physical environment and overall urban living conditions. This deterioration is largely due to the growing gap between the demand for and supply of essential infrastructure and services. India's urban challenges are vast, complex, and diverse, characterized by social inadequacies, economic significance, and a large demographic footprint.1 Since independence,

..]]> Water resource management is a critical aspect of sustainable urban development, especially in densely populated and water-stressed states like Uttar Pradesh. This study evaluates the outcomes of the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) across 61 urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh, using primary data from 400 beneficiaries and secondary data from State Annual Action Plans. Key findings reveal a 48% increase in water tap connections and a 29 percent rise in sewerage cov

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pthe-changing-perspective-of-livelihood-in-rural-society-and-the-role-of-ngos-in-livelihood-diversification-a-case-study-of-chamolis-agrarian-communitiesp/ 2025-07-11 2025-07-11 IntroductionThe mountain regions of India, particularly in the Himalayan belt, represent a unique socio-economic landscape where traditional agrarian practices intersect with modern development challenges. These regions, characterised by difficult terrain, limited accessibility, and fragile ecosystems, have witnessed significant transformations in livelihood patterns over the past few decades.¹ The concept of livelihood, encompasses the capabilities, assets, and activities required for securing

..]]> This study examines the evolving livelihood patterns in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, and evaluates the role of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in facilitating rural transformation in mountain communities. Using a mixed-method approach, primary data were collected from 100 households across two blocks through structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The research reveals a shift from traditional agriculture-based livelihoods, with households depende

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pcontamination-of-heavy-metals-and-physicochemical-parameters-of-water-and-sediment-in-haramaya-lake-ethiopiap/ 2025-09-11 2025-09-12 IntroductionWater is one of the most essential natural resources.1,2 Despite the fact that water covers roughly 71% of the Earth’s surface, seawater make up 97% of it and is generally unsuitable for human use.3 Only 3% of the world's population depends on fresh water, as seen by the worldwide water distribution, because seawater is rarely suitable for human use.4 The only 0.06% of the freshwater that is available is readily accessible; the remainder is made up of groundwater, rivers, and

..]]> To evaluate specific heavy metal contamination and physicochemical parameters in water and sediment samples, across sectional laboratory investigation was carried out. A flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to analyze the heavy metals that were selected from samples taken from three purposively chosen sites. Furthermore, measurements were made of physicochemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids, temperature and electric conductivity. In water samples, the overall mean

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pevaluation-of-weed-plant-species-potential-for-phytoremediation-in-heavy-metal-contaminated-soilp/ 2025-09-09 2025-09-11 IntroductionThe higher concentration of metal ions is toxic to the plants, but they are essential as trace elements. Heavy metals such as Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Nickel and Lead, pose a significant global environmental hazard due to their persistence for hundreds to thousands of years, leading to severe negative impacts on human and animal health. Weed plants are a viable option for remediation of heavy metals. The evaluation of weed plant species for phytoremediation in lead, nickel, cadmium

..]]> Soil contamination by heavy metals has emerged as a pressing concern in environmental research. The increasing levels of industrialization, emissions from vehicles, excessive use of agrochemicals, and mismanagement of wastes are key contributors to this problem. Heavy metals in soil not only degrade soil fertility but also leach into groundwater, reducing the productivity of arable land and threatening food security. Their entry into the food web further amplifies health hazards for humans and a

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/poptimization-of-grey-water-characteristics-using-electrocoagulation-and-response-surface-methodologyp/ 2025-09-11 2025-09-11 IntroductionGrey water describes the relatively clean, researchers like Pushparaj, Shubhi Gupta and Prasenjit Mondal,1 emphasize that wastewater which comes from sinks, bathtubs and washing machines and other kitchen appliances, compared to black water (which includes toilet waste), it usually has fewer impurities and makes up a sizable amount of household waste water. Given its makeup, grey water has a substantial opportunity exists for product recycling and restage functions2; as well as for m

..]]> Water crisis restricts availability to safe water, due to unsustainable practices leading to excessive aquifer consumption. In this study, the Grey water was collected from household kitchen sink and was treated by Electro-coagulation (EC) (60 A/m2) method using aluminium (Al), copper (Cu), stainless steel (SS) electrodes along with banana bract activated through three different agents (H3PO4, CaCo3, KOH) as adsorbent by varying the operating parameters (time, electrode and activation agent). In

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pevaluating-the-effects-of-urbanization-on-surface-water-quality-in-mangalore-dakshina-kannada-district-karnataka-indiap/ 2025-09-12 2025-09-11 IntroductionUrbanization and population increase have resulted in variations in land cover and land use on a local to global scale. This process has the potential to significantly alter the structure and function of ecosystems1. Although they make up only 2% of the planet's land area, cities create 78% of greenhouse gases, which has a substantial impact on global climate change. Because of the benefits that the oceans provide, including a food source, a means of transportation, a position t

..]]> The transfer of residents from rural areas to cities, the resulting decline in rural populations, and the ways in which communities adapt to these changes are taken into consideration of urbanization. Surface water quality and quantity are also impacted by increasing urbanization. The biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of water are commonly used to assess its quality. The major objective of this study is to ascertain how urbanization impacted the surface water's physicochemi

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pavian-richness-analysis-of-wadaj-dam-and-ghod-river-basin-indiap/ 2025-09-10 2025-09-11 IntroductionAccording to earlier reports, avian biodiversity offers a wide range of indirect necessary services through natural ecosystems, significant direct economic advantages to humanity, and a significant role in regulating ecosystem function and stability.1-5 The earth's biodiversity is not evenly distributed and may have anything from five to over fifty million species. Anthropogenic activity encompasses many human-induced disturbances that can exert both immediate and prolonged effe

..]]> A study of avifaunal diversity was conducted at Wadaj Dam and the Ghod River basin in Pune district, Maharashtra, over the period from February 2023, to December 2024. In the present study, 107 avian species from 47 different groups were documented. The research primarily concentrated on assessing bird biodiversity and related ecological processes around the dam. Observations were consistent for resident species such as the Bubulcus ibis, Ceryle rudis, Ardeola grayii, and Halcyon smyrnensis, whe

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pa-comparative-study-of-removal-of-paraphenylene-diamine-using-bentonite-and-activated-charcoalp/ 2025-09-10 2025-09-11 IntroductionWater is one of the basic elements for the formation of living organisms, so studying water and its investments is extremely important for the better sustainability of life in all aspects. Water pollution is defined as a change that occurs in the natural characteristics of water, directly or indirectly, due to human activity, which makes it unfit for various uses as confirmed by the World Health Organization. Water is polluted by human, animal, plant, mineral, Industrial or chemical

..]]> Aromatic amines such as paraphenylene diamine, used as a dye intermediate and in textiles pose a serious threat to human health due to its carcinogenicity. Ground water as well as surface water in the Gangetic plain near Nathnagar block of Bhagalpur city has been found contaminated with heavy metal due to effluents of textiles industries in waterbodies. Though several traditional methods are available for removal of dyes, bentonite minerals have been used for removal of dyes through adsorption

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/p2025-tariffs-and-air-pollution-scenariosp/ 2025-09-09 2025-09-10 In a new world order setting after the tariff change regime, nations must rethink their strategies for imports and exports. India now faces a major challenge following the United States’ imposition of a steep 50% tariff on Indian exports under Executive Order 14329, signed on August 6, 2025. This move has sent shockwaves through Indian manufacturing sectors, making domestic goods significantly less competitive in international markets.Key industries such as textiles, jewelry, chemicals, and se

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..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pa-hybrid-approach-for-industrial-wastewater-remediation-integrating-hydrodynamic-cavitation-with-advanced-oxidation-processesp/ 2025-09-08 2025-09-09 IntroductionThe dairy industry produces large volumes of wastewater characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total dissolved solids (TDS), fats, oils, greases, nitrogen, and phosphorus.1-4 These contaminants pose significant environmental challenges, including toxicity, eutrophication, and pollution of water bodies.5-6 The high variability in flow rates and pollutant concentrations across dairy operations and seasons further complicates treatment effo

..]]> This study presents a novel hybrid approach integrating hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ozone (O3) to enhance the biodegradability of real dairy industry wastewater. The research focuses on optimizing HC with other oxidants and exploring the synergistic effects of oxidants on pretreatment efficacy. Experimental investigations were conducted using an orifice plate HC reactor at 2 bar inlet pressure, treating actual dairy effl

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pregeneration-status-of-quercus-lanata-syn-qlanuginosa-in-central-himalayan-forestsp/ 2025-08-26 2025-08-26 IntroductionOak forests are considered as a keystone species and inhabit an area around 20,000km in Central Himalaya.1 Himalaya is one of the most fragile ecosystems in the world because of its diverse, rough, rugged and undulating topographical features.2,3 In the Himalayan Forest, there have been numerous documented alterations in composition, density, structure, and regeneration patterns attributable to various biotic pressures. The area exhibits a range of climates, from subtropical to alpin

..]]> Oaks of the Himalayan region are at risk due to relentless anthropogenic pressure and climate change. This study was undertaken to assess regeneration status of Quercus lanata (Q. lanuginosa) dominated forests in the Kumaun region of Indian Himalaya. Q. lanata has restricted distribution and forms small patches of a few hectares between 1800 and 2400 m elevation. The study was conducted across two forest sites, located in Nainital and Pithoragarh districts, between the elevation ranging 1950 and

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/passessment-of-industrial-impact-on-groundwater-quality-in-tirupur-district-a-statistical-analysisp/ 2025-08-26 2025-08-26 IntroductionIn the environment, groundwater is a scarce resource that supports the water needs of over two-thirds of India’s population for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes.1,2,5,18,30 With rapid industrial growth and increasing urban demands, the dependence on subsurface water has doubled in recent decades.1,2 Compared to surface water, groundwater is more resilient to seasonal variability; however, once contaminated, it is extremely difficult to remediate due to its slow movem

..]]> Groundwater acts as the main supply of drinking water, especially in developing regions. However, rapid industrialization poses significant threats to its quality. This study focuses into the condition of the groundwater in industrial zones of Tirupur District, Tamil Nadu, where accelerated industrial activities have raised serious environmental concerns. A total of 10 sampling locations were selected across key industrial areas, and water samples were analysed for physicochemical parameters dur

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pwater-quality-index-based-assessment-of-groundwater-suitability-in-hugli-district-of-west-bengal-indiap/ 2025-08-26 2025-08-26 IntroductionGroundwater is a more pristine kind of water, characterised by its consistent clarity, colourless, absence of odour, and generally stable temperature.1 One of the planet's most important resources, groundwater promotes environmental benefits, socioeconomic growth, and human health.2-3 Groundwater resources of acceptable quality and appropriate quantity can considerably boost agricultural production while lowering the cost of drinking water treatment.4-5 Today in many parts of th

..]]> An essential source for drinking is groundwater supply in alluvial region of Hugli District, West Bengal, India. This study evaluated groundwater's suitableness for human consumption. Thirteen parameters of groundwater including pH, TDS, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, arsenic and iron of 59 wells of the study area have been evaluated to determine the groundwater suitability. The Water Quality Index (WQI) has been deployed to define

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pmanagement-practices-of-urban-waste-in-saudi-arabiap/ 2025-08-21 2025-08-21 IntroductionThis paper assesses the status of urban solid waste management in Saudi Arabia, particularly the physical composition and the related technology, waste regulations, and segregation behavior. Sustainable waste management is one of the critical objectives of Vision 2030, which aims to secure environmental sustainability by reducing pollution and protecting the environment.1 The subject also aligns with sustainable development goals that promote good health and the environment. In conju

..]]> The management of solid waste in Saudi Arabia practices the conventional method of collection, transportation, and open dumping without treating the waste, posing a severe risk to health and the environment. With the growing volume of waste generation resulting from the rising population growth coupled with the rapid pace of economic development, the municipalities in some major cities cannot manage waste efficiently due to a haphazard waste management system diverting most waste to landfills. O

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pthe-environmental-journey-and-bioremediation-of-chemical-pesticidesp/ 2025-08-21 2025-08-21 IntroductionThe primary goal of Indian planning and policy remains agricultural growth. As agriculture has advanced, pesticides have emerged as a crucial instrument for protecting plants and increasing food output. Additionally, pesticides contribute significantly by preventing plants from several terrible diseases. However, a variety of health issues in humans are brought on by pesticide exposure in the workplace and the environment. Exposure to pesticides is increasingly associated with cancer

..]]> Pesticides aim to eradicate insects and other pests that threaten and damage crop yield. For ages, many pesticides have been employed to protect crops. Although pesticides aid various crops, they have damaging consequences on the ecosystem. Currently, India stands and holds the twelfth position globally in terms of pesticide usage and is the foremost producer of pesticides in Asia. Since most Indians work in agriculture, they are exposed to the pesticides employed in this industry. India, on ave

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/psmart-soil-solutions-eco-efficient-stabilization-of-expansive-black-cotton-soil-using-geosyntheticsp/ 2025-08-21 2025-08-21 IntroductionOne of the problems of the environment during the development of any infrastructure is usually the poor soil. To advance the infrastructure, soil engineering properties should be improved by either compacting the soil with the help of a physical method or using some chemicals.1 Every soil additive to be applied when undertaking soil stabilization can be classified into three groups namely the chemical additives, cementitious as well as non-cementitious additives. An example of non-ce

..]]> Whether lignite or black cotton soil, they are so expansive that they pose significant challenges to geotechnical engineers due to their high swelling capacity, poor bearing capacity, and low shear strength. This experiment aims to assess the suitability of six geosynthetic materials—namely, geotextile, geogrid, geocell, geomembrane, geomat, and geocomposite—in improving the engineering properties of black cotton soil. Laboratory tests were performed on both processed and unprocessed soils,

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pquantification-and-utilization-potential-for-energy-recovery-and-environmental-implications-of-apple-pruned-residuep/ 2025-08-18 2025-08-18 IntroductionPruning is considered a vital methodology involving the selective excision of undesired components from apple plants, resulting in the generation of substantial quantities of woody waste debris. The handling of this substantial quantity of pruned waste presents a significant challenge for farmers. Due to its considerable volume and the lack of standardized management procedures, it is often incinerated in open fields, resulting in pronounced air pollution in apple-producing areas. Th

..]]> Pruning is a vital method involving the selective removal of undesirable portions of the apple plant, which generates substantial quantities of residual material. The research focused on measuring the quantity of apple residue produced by trees of varying ages and analyzing the characteristics of these residues for potential energy generation applications. The data pertaining to pruned wood generation were systematically gathered from commercial orchards of varying age cohorts situated at divers

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pdiversity-of-naturally-colonized-true-mangroves-and-mangrove-associates-along-the-bank-of-champa-canal-west-bengal-india-with-emphasis-on-different-environmental-factorsp/ 2025-08-04 2025-08-04 IntroductionMangroves are a diverse group of salt-tolerant, primarily arboreal, flowering plants that mainly thrive in tropical and subtropical regions.1,2 True mangroves are species that exclusively inhabit intertidal zones, whereas mangrove allies can thrive in both littoral and terrestrial environments.3 Mangrove ecosystems hold substantial ecological and economic importance in coastal protection and water quality enhancement. As one of the most productive ecosystems, they serve as a natural,

..]]> Mangroves have great ecological value because of their unique intertidal ecosystems and increased sensitivity to environmental changes. This paper examines the natural colonisation and diversity of true mangroves and their associated species along the Champa Canal (Negua Diversion Canal) in the Purba Medinipur area of West Bengal, India. The study area was categorised into three distinct zones, based on salinity gradients and tidal influences: Zone I is characterised by marine dominance; Zone II

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no2/pcomparative-assessment-of-solid-waste-management-in-mysuru-and-trichy-a-stakeholder-and-swot-based-approach-case-studyp/ 2025-08-04 2025-08-04 IntroductionA sustainable approach to urban waste management requires a robust policy framework that effectively integrates the environmental, social, and economic factors. This holistic strategy should encompass all stages of waste reduction, recycling, resource recovery, and final disposal guided by the principles of waste hierarchy, circular economy, and life cycle assessment.1 Critical strategies such as the 3R principle (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle),2 state-of-the-art waste-to-energy technologie

..]]> This study presents an integrated comparative analysis of solid waste management (SWM) systems in the medium-sized Indian cities of Mysuru and Tiruchirappalli by synthesizing quantitative metrics from the Swachh Bharat Survekshan 2023 scoreboard with qualitative assessments through Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis and comprehensive stakeholder interviews. This study captures both systemic efficiency and governance dynamics. The findings reveal that Mysuru predominan

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