mail.cwejournal.org Current World Environment en-us https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/passessment-of-biogas-potential-of-pineapple-waste-in-mono-and-co-digestion-with-cow-dung-at-ambient-temperaturep/ 2025-01-31 2025-01-31 IntroductionThe anaerobic digestion of biomass represents a promising approach to mitigate the effects of global warming and combat the greenhouse effect. It offers a sustainable, green, and substitute energy source for non-renewable energy sources, whose supplies are running low at an accelerating rate.1A biological process called anaerobic digestion breaks down organic materials into simpler ones to create energy (biogas) and fertilizer (digestate) by a microorganism's actions. Biogas is

..]]> Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Meril) processing in Benin's agri-food industries generates waste with high potential for energy production. The present study assessed the biogas production potential of pineapple cakes and crowns in mono and co-digestion with cow dung. The methodology used is based essentially on the Simplex-Centroid Designs mixing scheme designed in Minitab.19. Anaerobic digestion tests were carried out with seven formulations in triplicate. Temperature, pH and biogas volum

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pan-analysis-of-the-effects-of-volatile-organic-compound-odour-emissions-from-municipal-solid-waste-dumps-on-the-environment-and-quality-of-lifep/ 2025-03-06 2025-03-06 IntroductionA rising population is contributing to the rapid growth of cities. In both urban and rural areas, solid waste grew daily. The development of cities and population expansion are the main causes of the annual rise in MSW results, according to global economic development. The World Bank estimated that the quantity of MSW generated in 2020 globally was 2.24 billion tons, and by 2050, that amount was expected to to 3.88 billion tons.1,2 Size, age, moisture content, and physical characteri

..]]> The public is severely concerned about the odours rising from municipal solid waste dumping yards (MSWDYs). In this study, odour emissions from MSWDYs were assessed at fresh wastes, as well as over a summer season, in semi urban area of Thiruporur, Chennai. Samples were collected with a BDX II abatement air sampler and an ADT probe and were analysed using GC-MS. During the disposal of fresh waste, among three stations around 18 different compounds with different concentration levels are identifi

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/purban-heat-island-dynamics-of-the-fast-growing-cuttack-bhubaneswar-twin-city-a-geospatial-temporal-analysisp/ 2025-03-27 2025-03-27 IntroductionA serious problem with urban climate is the phenomenon known as "Urban Heat Islands," or UHIs, which has drawn the attention of numerous researchers. British scientist Luke Howard (1980) made the initial observation of the UHI phenomenon in London, which was warmer than its surrounding rural areas.1 The first steps towards the development of a UHI condition are created when natural land cover is replaced by manufactured patterns of land use, such as high-rise glass structur

..]]> Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) are created when natural landscapes are replaced by densely packed concrete structures and other energy-retaining infrastructure. The primary goal of the research is to explore the dynamics of Land Use / Land Cover change (LU/LC), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and UHI in the fast-growing twin cities of Cuttack and Bhubaneswar in Odisha, India, between 1990 and 2020. Data from the Landsat 5 and 8 satellites are used in the study. To assess the heat island condition, No

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pbiomass-stockpile-of-trees-in-tropical-dry-evergreen-forests-peninsular-indiap/ 2025-01-29 2025-01-31 IntroductionForests cover one-third of Earth's land area, virtually holding its 80 and 40 percent of total above and belowground terrestrial carbon, respectively.1,2 It is estimated that the forests accumulate as much as 86% carbon pool of vegetation and 73% of the soils.3,4 Biomass estimation and inventories of unstudied forest types becomes highly important in view of the crucial role they play, in controlling global carbon pools and fluxes.5 Tropical forests are the largest sink of carbo

..]]> The uniqueness, importance and restricted geographical distribution of the Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests (TDEFs) flourishing on the coromandel coast of India has drawn the attention of researchers for a decade now and revealed numerous important findings. This work was attempted in few of the hitherto unstudied sites located in Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam districts of Tamil Nadu, India. The present study- assessed species richness (species ha-1), stem density (number of trees ha-1) and stand bas

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pcentury-of-rainfall-dynamics-and-drought-in-bihar-patterns-trends-and-climatic-variability-1901-2021p/ 2025-03-13 2025-03-13 IntroductionOver the last century, global warming—primarily driven by human activities—has disrupted surface moisture levels and altered atmospheric processes, leading to significant shifts in rainfall patterns. These disturbances in the earth-atmosphere energy balance have intensified extreme weather events, causing episodic droughts, floods, and greater rainfall variability. In India, such fluctuations in annual rainfall have had far-reaching consequences for the economy, hydrology, and ag

..]]> Variations in precipitation patterns significantly impact the quality of life, particularly in regions reliant on rainfed agriculture like Bihar, India. Over the past century, global greenhouse gas emissions have caused climate warming and altered hydro-meteorological conditions. These changes have resulted in episodic droughts, floods, increased rainfall variability, and intensified extreme weather events. In Bihar, such variability poses serious risks to the hydrological cycle, especially affe

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pproductivity-of-groundnut-arachis-hypogaea-l-under-different-sowing-times-utrient-supply-levels-and-planting-geometry-in-sub-humid-tropical-environmentp/ 2025-03-14 2025-03-15 IntroductionA vital oilseed, food, and pasture crop, groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are widely grown in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates. It belongs to the Fabaceae family and the Papilionaceae subfamily and is commonly known as the poor man’s almond, wonder nut, peanut, earthnut, goober pea, monkey nut, pygmy nut, and pig nut. Despite its nut-like appearance, groundnut is a legume with significant economic and nutritional value. It is the world's third largest source

..]]> Groundnut is a vital oilseed and leguminous crop with significant economic and nutritional benefits, offering a promising option for local farmers. However, optimizing sowing dates, fertility levels, and planting geometry remains a challenge, particularly in the context of climate variability. In order to close this gap, a field experiment on clay loam soil in Medziphema was carried out in 2019 and 2020 to assess the effects of these factors on groundnut productivity. The experiment had three pl

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pevaluation-of-the-water-quality-of-dhansiri-river-north-east-india-applying-water-quality-indexp/ 2025-02-24 2025-02-24 IntroductionRiver water is considered the most dynamic natural resource, supporting the entire ecosystem. If left undisturbed, it has the potential to promote social, cultural, ecological, and overall environmental well-being. As such, water resource management and monitoring have become a global necessity due to the depletion of water resources and contamination of freshwater bodies.1 Factors such as DO, BOD, phosphate, colour, turbidity, iron, manganese, arsenic, aluminium, boron, and barium a

..]]> The Dhansiri River, situated in north-east India, is a transboundary river running through the states of Assam and Nagaland, and forms an important tributary to the Brahmaputra River. Despite the religious and cultural importance of the river, the anthropogenic waste disposed off at the catchment areas has hampered the potability of the once pristine water source for the tribal communities residing along its banks. In order, to understand the seasonal alteration in the water quality and its appl

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pestimation-of-seasonal-crop-water-requirement-using-support-vector-regression-in-indias-arid-zonep/ 2025-02-03 2025-02-03 IntroductionEfficient use of water is a major global concern. The environment and humans depend on water, which has a limited supply. The world's largest irrigated area, India, is thought to be currently experiencing a shortage of water in many different sectors. One of these is agriculture. This study takes into account the western region of Rajasthan, which experiences water scarcity as a result of lower rainfall and a desert climate. 78% of people living in Rajasthan's rural areas w

..]]> In addition to irrigation scheduling and planning, quantifying crop water need is now essential for conserving fresh water. The study estimates the seasonal crop water requirement (ETc) for wheat in Barmer, Rajasthan, a region in western India with a hot, dry climate and little annual rainfall. A large amount of water is needed for agriculture, which is the local population's principal line of work. In this region, groundwater, the primary irrigation resource, is decreasing dramatically. On

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/psustainable-development-and-climate-change-in-india-understanding-the-key-themes-and-emerging-areasp/ 2025-02-24 2025-02-24 IntroductionClimate change presents a major obstacle to achieving sustainable development worldwide since sustainability and climate change form an inseparable relationship.1 The United Nations SDGs acknowledge SDG 13 as crucial because it unites both climate adaptation and mitigation strategies to secure sustainability and maintain social and economic systems with environmental resilience.2 The rise of global greenhouse gas emissions has caused both temperature rise effects and strong weather p

..]]> In the present research, a bibliometric analysis of research trend on sustainable development and climate change in India for the period between 2015 and 2024 is performed. We analyzed 8,882 Web of Science research papers extracted for data, using bibliometric tools (Biblioshiny and VOSviewer) to understand key themes, emerging areas and collaboration networks. We find that sustainable development, climate change, renewable energy, and sustainable development goals rank the highest, with a sharp

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pimpacts-of-dyeing-effluent-on-surface-water-around-cottage-industrial-areasp/ 2025-01-27 2025-01-28 IntroductionThe cottage industry is one of the sectors of the small textile industry. Various kinds of natural, azo, and toxic dyes are used in the cottage textile industries.1,2 Discharge of untreated effluent, sewage, sludge, and solid waste into open spaces and water bodies causes environmental digression.1-5 The cottage textile dyeing effluents have contained a higher amount of heavy metals, such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb, which are broadly used in the production of color

..]]> The cottage textile dyeing industry discharges untreated effluent into water bodies, posing threats to the water quality and the environment in developing countries like Bangladesh. The study aimed to assess the impacts of untreated effluent on surface water in some selected areas of Bangladesh. A total of 96 surface water samples were collected from different locations in three seasons, covering two years from sixteen locations in the Sirajganj district. Most of the parameters exceeded the stan

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pa-comparative-study-of-removal-of-asiii-using-icascabela-thevetia-kaneri-and-itinospora-cordifolia-giloyip/ 2025-02-24 2025-02-24 IntroductionArsenic, a metalloid, has adverse health effects causing hyperpigmentation and skin cancer. The Gangetic plain in general and of Bhagalpur in particular is severely affected with arsenic contamination and several causes of arsenicosis have been detected in the plain along with prostate cancer, liver cancer, and other cancers.1 The increase in cancer cases in the Gangetic plain has been linked to various environmental factors out of which inorganic arsenicals has emerged as the major

..]]> Bioremediation of arsenic by medicinal plants had been studied in the present paper. Cascabela thevetia (Kaner) having few anticancer properties and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) may adversely affect the health if grown on arsenic contaminated soil. Different initial concentrations of arsenic i.e. 5 ppm, and 2 ppm had been taken at different pH values of 2, 7, and 9 to find the optimum condition of maximum bioremediation using C. thevetia and T. cordifolia. The peaks in HPLC at 227 nm of the plan

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/psustainable-method-to-treat-fluoride-using-rice-husk-rsm-optimization-via-jmp-analysisp/ 2025-04-08 2025-04-08 IntroductionWater is an abundant Natural assets that is necessary for maintaining life and the ecosystem, as we have long understood.1 it has been recognized as an essential natural resource and a basic human need, contributing significantly to increased life expectancy and the advancement of humanity One of the most frequent ions in drinking water is fluoride, that depending on its concentration and consumption levels, can either be advantageous or harmful to human health.2 Sellaite (MgF2), flu

..]]> Since only one percent of the world's water supplies are immediately usable, freshwater availability poses a serious threat to human well-being and global development. Unfortunately, forty percent of the world's population currently lives in arid or semiarid areas, and by 2025, that percentage is expected to rise to more than two-thirds. At the same time, some of the most pressing issues of our time are the rapid growth of industrialization, increasing pollution, and environmental degr

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pimpact-of-land-use-land-cover-change-on-land-surface-temperature-of-paschim-bardhaman-district-indiap/ 2025-03-08 2025-03-10 IntroductionOver the years, anthropogenic activities have significantly altered the earth's surface, particularly through intensive urban growth, industrialisation, agricultural practices, deforestation, etc. One of most significant changes on the earth's surface is the shift in LULC.1-3 Sudden and drastic changes of land cover put people in social and economic disadvantages. The proportion of vegetation cover is the key indicator to maintain micro-level climate, surrounding ecosystem

..]]> Paschim Bardhaman district is one of the most important urban industrial area and mining in the West Bengal. The Eastern Coalfield Ltd. (ECL) and Bharath Coking Coal Ltd (BCCL) (PPP) are running the mining activity in the study area. Owing these companies and coal mines, people from different parts of the state and other states of India migrate for job purpose and their needs put pressure on infrastructure, it influences the expansion of urban areas in the district. All the factors encourage rap

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pseasonal-characterization-and-estimation-of-per-capita-solid-waste-generation-in-tumakuru-city-karnataka-indiap/ 2025-02-12 2025-02-12 IntroductionWaste is an important raw material that is in the wrong place. and it is a by-product of living. Waste is being generated at a faster rate than urbanization.1 Solid waste, which is typically thrown away as unwanted or useless and is frequently referred as the third form of pollution after air and water pollution. It is made up of incredibly diverse mass of urban waste-related materials.2 For developing nations like India, which has a large population density after China, there are in

..]]> The goal of the study was to find the per capita of solid waste generation in Tier-II city like Tumakuru. The study’s goal is to find out the solid waste generation within the High, Middle and Lower income groups (HIG,MIG,LIG) in the residential area of Tumakuru city, Karnataka, India. The rapid population growth urbanization, and industrialization that have raised the generation of solid waste of various types. The solid waste was collected directly from residents of three different income gr

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pcritical-examination-of-sputum-samples-for-environmental-pollutants-from-industrial-population-of-bilaspur-cityp/ 2025-02-24 2025-02-24 IntroductionIn relation to respiratory health, environmental pollutants have become a growing concern, especially among individuals who are exposed to high levels of air pollutants.1Respiratory problems caused by these agents are a serious public health issue that subjects patients, to higher health care costs and poor quality of life.2 For instance, microscopic analysis of sputum has emerged as an important diagnostic tool for detecting the presence of pollutants in the respiratory system which

..]]> This study intends to determine how microscopic sputum analysis could potentially aid in identifying environmental toxins associated with breathing issues in order to develop better management approaches for lowering pollution's impact on the lungs. This project used a mixed method technique, which included both quantitative and qualitative research. The study included 50 participants from various socioeconomic backgrounds. A structured questionnaire was created to collect data from partici

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pimpact-of-industrial-effluents-on-groundwater-quality-in-semi-arid-regions-a-case-study-from-riico-industrial-area-in-eastern-rajasthan-indiap/ 2025-04-08 2025-04-08 IntroductionEnvironmental pollution in general and water contamination in particular are among the most important environmental problems of our time. The era of rapid industrialization and urban technological revolution characterized by unprecedented exploitation of natural resources is responsible for extreme environmental degradation in the USA and Europ.1 India has plentiful groundwater, and almost 53% of population depends on it for drinking water and 81% of rural population is dependent on

..]]> As awareness of the importance of drinking water for public health and the effect of water quality on aquatic life increases, the assessment of water quality has become more essential. This study focused on the investigation of the impact of industrial effluents on the groundwater quality of the RIICO industrial area of Dholpur district, Eastern Rajasthan, India. In this study analysis of Physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal ions {Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg} in groundwater samples, co

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pphytosociological-analysis-of-core-and-buffer-zone-in-sariska-tiger-reserve-alwar-rajasthanp/ 2025-03-27 2025-03-27 IntroductionHuman life depends on forests since they offer a broad variety of resources and ecological services. Unfortunately, several reasons, such as expanded agricultural practices, timber plantations, urbanization and industrial expansion are causing the forest cover to rapidly decline. These actions seriously endanger forests and damage the ecosystem. Maintaining ecological equilibrium, preventing the extinction of endangered species and safeguarding and conserving biodiversity all depend

..]]> This study examined the density, species composition, basal area (BA) and importance value index (IVI) of trees while, in the Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR) shrubs were examined for density and frequency. Two areas were selected for investigation: the core and the buffer area. The total tree density was 113 species/ha in the core area and 99 species/ha in the buffer area. Furthermore, the BA was 68.40 m²/ha in the core area and 44.47 m²/ha in the buffer area. Anogeissus pendula Edgew. was identif

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pinvestment-in-water-infrastructure-and-withdrawal-of-water-in-a-trans-boundary-river-basin-a-study-of-jammu-and-kashmir-in-indus-river-basinp/ 2025-05-13 2025-05-13 IntroductionWater is fundamental for the life and prosperity. A reliable access to water resources for sustaining livelihoods is crucial for water security in the region.12 Several developed nations have secured benefits of growth and poverty eradication by prioritizing water sector development.1,17 Water Infrastructure is the major ingredient for water resource development. Water Infrastructure is an inclusive term comprising of any structure, natural or artificial, that provides accessibility,

..]]> Water resource development is fundamental for reaping the multidimensional uses of water. Investment in Water Infrastructure is the most effective way of water resource development and bridging the demand -supply gap of water services. These investments become essentially crucial as the water resources flow across the political borders and threaten the sovereignty of nations. Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) is endowed with enormous water resources yet the transboundary nature puts a restriction on i

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/panalysis-of-factors-affecting-on-energy-consumption-a-case-study-of-kolhapur-cityp/ 2025-05-08 2025-05-09 IntroductionThe improvement of social wellbeing requires sustainable economic development. On the other hand, one of the main objectives of sustainable development is to promote a strong economy in order to generate a lot of resources to satisfy the needs of the general public and improve environmental quality.1 Consequently, it would further protect human health and the environment. Sustainable development also attempts to offer enough energy supply to reduce the negative effects of energy cons

..]]> The impact of many factors on Kolhapur city's energy usage in 2022 will be impartially investigated in this study. As urbanization and population growth continue to accelerate in Kolhapur, understanding the factors influencing energy usage becomes increasingly critical. The city faces challenges related to energy supply, sustainability, and environmental impact. Despite the growing demand for energy, there is limited research on the specific factors that drive energy consumption in Kolhapur

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pthe-plight-of-wetlands-in-india-a-case-study-of-ansupa-lake-in-cuttack-orissap/ 2025-03-06 2025-03-06 IntroductionWetlands harbour some of the most biodiversity rich ecosystems within the world, providing a myriad of socio-economical and ecological services to human beings.1,2 Ironically, these unique combinations of aquatic and terrestrial conditions are greatly disregarded- often pushed to the point of coercion to degrade, paving the path for reclamation and land conversion. Ramsar Convention has defined wetlands as those temporary or permanent expanses of water, marshes, peats, bogs existing

..]]> Wetland and its unique treasury of benefits have always provided a safe haven for a rich biodiversity of terrestrial, aquatic and avian species. Ansupa Lake, in the Banki subdivision of Cuttack, Orissa, is experiencing significant degradation due to surplus siltation, blockage of natural river water inflow-outflow system, unsustainable fishing, weed infestation, agricultural eutrophication. The present study aims to highlight the declining quality and water content of the lake during 1998-2020,

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pcomparative-of-two-building-envelopes-for-energy-efficiency-and-environmental-sustainabilityp/ 2025-05-08 2025-05-09 IntroductionRecently, managing energy resources has surfaced as a key global priority, driven by environmental impact of Carbon dioxide emissions as well as other greenhouse gases. These emissions are largely responsible for the acceleration of climate change, leading to rising global temperatures, unpredictable weather patterns, and adverse effects on biodiversity. Simultaneously, the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, which have long been the main source of energy, further exacerbates the proble

..]]> This study investigates two distinct building shells (envelope) types in a resort located in Matheran, a hill station renowned for its environmental significance, for their thermal performance. Given that no new construction is allowed in Matheran, enhancing energy performance in older structures is critically important, to reduce environmental impact while maintaining sustainability. Buildings are predominantly skin dominated, with the building shell contributing significantly to heat gain and

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pspace-remote-sensing-needs-for-monitoring-chlorine-and-other-air-pollutants-for-improved-decision-making-in-human-health-and-climate-change-policiesp/ 2025-05-09 2025-05-09 Space remote sensing plays a crucial role in monitoring air quality by bridging the gaps left by ground-based monitoring systems. Recently, space remote sensing has become an essential tool for air pollution and human health studies.1 NASA has a dedicated program called Applied Remote Sensing Training Program (ARSET) which covers health monitoring too.2 In fact, ground based air pollution monitoring stations have their limited spatial coverage which makes it difficult to assess air quality in al

..]]> Editorial

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pwaste-and-urban-environmental-crisis-in-cochin-the-case-of-brahmapuram-landfillp/ 2025-03-26 2025-03-27 IntroductionPolluted air and water are among the most pressing urban-environmental problems globally. These issues draw considerable attention from the municipal authorities and the regional governments, as the impact of dust, smoke, and contaminated water affects the majority of urban residents. At the same time, governmental authorities and experts often treat the solid waste produced by residential households and industrial production as problems of technical management and a city-level admin

..]]> In urban context, solid waste management is not merely a question of bureaucratic efficiency but a deeply political issue, entangled in various forms of socio-environmental contradictions. In Cochin, a major port city and industrial urban space in Southwest India, the issue of urban waste circulation intersects with urban land commodification, industrialisation of leisure, water management, and urban planning. Government-led urban waste management programmes, especially the clean city initiative

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pland-use-and-land-cover-prediction-in-tamilnadu-of-india-using-random-forest-machine-learning-techniquep/ 2025-05-07 2025-05-07 IntroductionEnvironmental and socio-economic growth are greatly influenced by changes in land use and land cover (LULC). Among other factors, population increase, urban expansion, deforestation, climate change, and agricultural intensification influence LULC changes. While land use relates to human activities and changes on the land, such as agriculture, forestry, and urbanization, land cover reflects the physical and biological traits of the ground surface.1,2 Rapid urbanization in many develop

..]]> Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) dynamics have a major impact on environmental sustainability, re-source management, and urban development. Effective decision-making depends on correct forecasting of these changes. This research predicts LULC changes with the Random Forest (RF) machine learning tech-nique using satellite-derived data from the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) for the years from 2005 to 2023. The dataset includes various LULC categories such as built-up land, agricultural lands

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pthe-himalayan-treeline-and-the-associated-dynamics-understanding-the-ecological-challenges-and-livelihood-threat-to-the-dependent-populationp/ 2025-05-07 2025-05-07 IntroductionThe Himalayan ecological crisis has emerged as a significant concern for policymakers, environmental activists and academicians. The Himalayas are warming at a faster rate compared to the surrounding lowland areas, thus it presents a unique opportunity to assess the responses of natural vegetation to climate change and associated dynamics.1 Addressing the issues related to the treeline necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interactions between social systems and

..]]> This study is a review article which examines the dynamics of the treeline shifts in the Himalayan region of India. It further looks at its impact on ecology, resources and the local communities. The previous studies have found that the Himalayan region is warming at rates faster than the surrounding lowlands. In Himalayas, changes in temperature and precipitation patterns over recent decades have led to significant alterations in treeline ecology, affecting both the landscape and the livelihood

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pkey-determinants-of-algal-biomass-growth-for-bioenergy-a-comprehensive-reviewp/ 2025-04-30 2025-04-30 IntroductionMicroalgae have been drawing wide attention as a next-generation feedstock for biofuel production because they are known to provide much higher efficiency compared with terrestrial plants. In contrast to traditional biofuel sources such as corn and sugarcane that require large agricultural land and freshwater, however, An environmentally friendly and sustainable substitute is offered by microalgae.1 Rapid biomass accumulation due to exceptionally short generations makes algae one of

..]]> Microalgae is an essential source of renewable bioenergy like biofuels and biohydrogen production due to their high lipid content and rapid growth rate. These eukaryotic organisms exist in an array of habitats, encompassing photobioreactors, closed ponds, and open ponds. But in a photobioreactor or closed system, which provide controlled environment for the cultivation of microalgae a number of variables must be optimized. Because various physio-chemical factors i.e. nutrient availability, light

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pdrought-risk-assessment-under-changing-climate-for-semi-arid-central-east-region-of-gujarat-indiap/ 2025-04-25 2025-04-25 IntroductionDrought is a climatic phenomenon that can be described for a region with deficit precipitation which is less than the normal amount, re-occurring for a prolonged time period.1,2 Droughts have the potential to cause extreme damages to the crop production, water scarcity and socio-economic instability for a country like India along with hazardous situations of forest fires and public health risks.3,4 Short-term droughts are often analyzed from hydro-meteorological data whereas long-ter

..]]> Present research developed drought risk index (DRI) under changing climate by analyzing multiple indicators of drought hazards (DHI) and drought vulnerability (DVI) for semi-arid central-east region of Gujarat, India. The daily gridded rainfall data of 1951 to 2020 time period having 0.25° spatial resolution were collected from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) to analyze drought characteristics. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method at 6 monthly time step indicating seasonal d

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/psustainable-management-of-landfill-sites-in-india-addressing-environmental-health-and-socioeconomic-challengesp/ 2025-04-25 2025-04-25 IntroductionMunicipal solid waste (MSW) management in India historically depended on landfills until recent rapid urbanization alongside consumption growth caused landfills to become contaminated sites, which wasaccompanied by health threats and social inequality. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reported that India produces 62 million tonnes of MSW per year, and scientists project this amount to reach 165 million tonnes by 2030.1–3 The waste collection system reached 92% efficiency,

..]]> India generates over 62 million tonnes of municipal solid waste annually, with nearly 70% mismanaged, posing severe environmental, public health, and socioeconomic challenges. Landfill sites, both formal and informal, are major contributors to methane emissions, groundwater contamination, and biodiversity loss, undermining national climate goals and disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations, particularly informal waste workers. Despite progressive frameworks like the SWM Rules (2016) a

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/punlocking-biodegradability-pretreatment-of-dairy-industry-wastewater-by-hydrodynamic-cavitationp/ 2025-04-25 2025-04-25 IntroductionIn India, the dairy sector makes a substantial contribution to both national development and the nation's overall food output. Milk is regarded as one of the most important sources of essential nutrients required for human health.¹ Nonetheless, the dairy sector also uses a lot of water, especially for processes like sanitization and cleaning. Significant amounts of wastewater are produced as a result of the frequent use of large amounts of water, detergents, and sanitizing agen

..]]> The effectiveness of traditional biological treatment methods is frequently restricted by the high organic content and poor biodegradability of effluent from the dairy industry. Enhancing such effluents biodegradability before biological treatment might greatly improve treatment effectiveness and environmental compliance. By investigating its effects on the biodegradability index (BI) under different operating conditions, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of hydrodynamic cavitation

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pprospects-of-low-cost-chitosan-as-an-eco-friendly-and-economic-water-purification-methodp/ 2025-04-25 2025-04-24 IntroductionWater serves as a vital solvent crucial for the survival and existence of life on Earth; however, this essential resource has been contaminated by human interference and has a greater risk to health and general well-being. There is continuous scarcity and decline in potable water quality, leading to greater health risks to the younger population, including water-borne infections.1According to the UN 2019 World Water Development Report, there is a 20-30 % increase in demand for water

..]]> Water, an essential resource for the survival of living organisms, is deteriorated by increased anthropogenic interference and a lack of policies to sustain water resources. Consumption of polluted water, especially by the younger population, is a major concern as it leads to mortality rates due to water-borne infections. It is thus indispensable to explore methods for removing impurities, making the water suitable for drinking/domestic usage. The U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) has aut

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/punlocking-the-water-purification-potential-of-fruit-waste-a-reviewp/ 2025-04-24 2025-04-24 IntroductionAccess to clean water is essential for life, yet pollution from industrialization and urbanization threatens water quality, especially in rural areas reliant on untreated sources. Water constitutes approximately 75% of the human body weight.1 The rise in industrialization and urbanization has escalated water contamination, making pollution a critical global issue. Approaching pure and safe drinking water is essential for all forms of livelihoods, but is an

..]]> Current studies are increasingly directed toward extracting beneficial bioactive compounds from fruit waste, offering both environmental and health-related advantages. This strategy not only reduces organic waste but also meets the growing interest in phenolic compounds known for their protective role against chronic diseases. This review investigates the operational principles of bio-coagulants in water purification processes. Typically, water treatment comprises several steps, beginning with c

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/panalysis-of-asan-river-water-quality-during-post-monsoon-using-physico-chemical-parameters-in-district-dehradunp/ 2025-04-15 2025-04-15 IntroductionWith increasing in industrialization and growing population, sources of surface water are becoming restricted globally in past few decade, predisposing water sources drops by both quality and quantity.1 Tragically, excessive use with lacking of appropriate strategies together with improper application of fertilizers and agro-chemicals that dissolves into the water together with overuse with absence of adequate regenerate, these variables are accelerating up the rate of water quality.

..]]> : To estimate the magnitude of quality of Asan River water in Dehradun district, Uttrakhand, India, during post-monsoon season. This study explains the post-monsoon seasonal variation of Asan River water quality with physical and chemical parameters, which identified the potential of pollution sources with similar characteristics. Sixteen Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, turbidity, pH, TDS, EC, BOD, COD, DO, TSS, Total Hardness (Calcium and Magnesium), Sodium, Potassium, nitrate a

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pmorphometric-analysis-of-umtung-river-basin-using-gis-and-remote-sensingp/ 2025-04-15 2025-04-15 IntroductionRivers play an integral role in maintaining balance in the ecosystem and shaping the earth’s surfaces, which give rise to different types of topography, natural vegetation and climate. Because of the substantial changes in land use over the past 20 years brought about by developmental activities that negatively affect the river system’s natural cycle, basin hydrology analysis is a crucial study in which various materials, techniques and instruments are employed to comprehend the

..]]> An investigation of morphometric parameter for the Umtung River basin, situated in Meghalaya, India, employing advanced GIS and remotely sensed data. Various morphometric parameters were quantified, including basin area (224.91 km²), length (24.32 km), perimeter (147.04 km), and drainage density (1.34 km/km²). With 255 streams overall, the research showed a clearly defined stream order system up to the fifth order. Key findings indicate that the basin exhibits low stream frequency (1.13 stream

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/padaptive-leaf-structure-and-anatomy-in-irhizophora-mucronata-ilam-the-effects-of-salinity-and-pollution-on-foliar-characteristicsp/ 2025-04-15 2025-04-15 IntroductionMangroves are the only woody, facultative halophytes that grow at the ecotone between land and sea. Consequently, they acquired several morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular traits that support their ecological adaptation and persistence in extreme conditions, including fluctuating water levels and salinity.1The anatomical features of mangrove species play two crucial roles: they serve as taxonomic identification tools3-6 and as an adaptation in response to fluctua

..]]> Mangroves are the only woody, facultative halophytes that grow at the ecotone between land and sea. Effective stress management is crucial for mangrove plant survival in the saline environment, leading to distinctive adaptations among species. The study aimed to examine the variation in leaf lamina characteristics of Rhizophora mucronata Lam., focusing on its saline thriving and the impact of water pollution and salinity on the foliar characteristics of species at selected sites in northern Kera

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/panalysis-of-seasonal-and-annual-rainfall-variability-and-trends-for-selected-stations-of-tripura-indiap/ 2025-04-15 2025-04-15 IntroductionThe accessibility and quality of water significantly influence the socio-economic development of a region.1 Water resource structures and agricultural planning significantly depend on rainfall, underscoring its importance within the water cycle.2-3 A significant share of the income for the population in Northeast India is derived from crop harvesting.4 The quantity, intensity, and distribution of rainfall, both spatially and temporally, significantly influence the characteristics and

..]]> Agriculture is the primary livelihood for most of the people in Tripura state falling under northeast, India. The type and pattern of farming in the state are significantly influenced by rainfall distribution, which varies greatly over time and across different locations. Understanding long-term seasonal and annual rainfall variability and trend patterns are essential for effective water resource management, optimizing the use of rainwater for the drinking, domestic and agricultural use. This st

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pdevelopment-of-eco-friendly-eco-lite-bricks-using-waste-plastic-powder-and-waste-glass-powderp/ 2025-04-15 2025-04-15 IntroductionPlastic waste has become one of the most pressing environmental crises of our era, with its effects rippling across ecosystems, wildlife, human health, and the global economy. While the convenience and adaptability of plastics have driven their widespread use, the scale of overproduction and overconsumption has tipped the balance, making the detrimental impacts far greater than the initial advantages. This growing issue demands urgent attention and action to mitigate its far-reaching

..]]> Recycling plastic waste is vital for addressing environmental pollution, conserving resources, and promoting sustainability. With advancements in recycling technologies and increased awareness, it is possible to mitigate the harmful effects of plastic waste while creating new opportunities for innovation and economic growth. This study explores Eco Lite Bricks, an innovative building material made from waste plastic powder, glass powder, cement, and a foaming agent. These bricks provide a sustai

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/peffects-of-polystyrene-microplastics-on-behavioural-response-and-histopathology-of-icarassius-auratusip/ 2025-04-08 2025-04-08 IntroductionThe contamination of aquatic ecosystems due to plastic waste is a major environmental concern worldwide. Plastic pollution refers to the accumulation of plastic debris and particles in the environment posing significant risks to all living organisms, including humans. Plastic that acts as a pollutant is categorized by the size into nano-, micro-, meso-, or macro debris.1The increasing global production of plastic since the mid-20th century has led to a heavy buildup of plastic waste

..]]> The contamination of aquatic ecosystems by plastic waste is a major environmental challenge worldwide. Microplastics are small plastic particles having size ranging from 1 µm to 5 mm. Their ingestion has been detected in many aquatic organisms. In this study, the aim is to investigate behavioural responses and histopathological changes in the gills and gut of goldfish (Carassius auratus) following exposure to 10 mg/L of Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs, size: -5 um) for 28 days. Histopathologi

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/pcomparative-analysis-of-plant-based-natural-coagulants-for-wastewater-treatmentp/ 2025-04-08 2025-04-08 IntroductionWater pollution generated from various sources poses a significant threat globally, indicating the urgent need for effective wastewater treatment. Turbidity, indicating suspended particles in water, demands attention due to its impact on water quality for various purposes. Wastewater treatment typically offer coagulation to remove suspended solids consciously improve water quality. The traditional method involves chemical coagulants like alum, which have several drawbacks like high c

..]]> Wastewater containing elevated turbidity levels can pose a significant risk if discharged directly into the environment. Conventional treatment involves chemical coagulants, presenting drawbacks like high cost, excessive sludge generation, and health risks To enhance sustainability in the treatment, it is essential to explore alternative methods that minimize environmental impact. Implementing natural coagulants, such as plant-based materials, can reduce reliance on costly inorganic salts and de

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol20no1/passessing-environment-sustainability-in-urban-slums-a-case-study-of-amarpur-batlohiya-slum-in-varanasi-city-uttar-pradesh-indiap/ 2025-04-08 2025-04-08 IntroductionHuman beings are surrounded by some set of physical and cultural phenomena which can be term as environment. In other words, the surroundings or conditions in which human beings lives cooperate is known as his/her environment. Spatially, there are two unique sets of environments namely rural and urban. The urban environment is also characterized by unique environment setup of its own kind known as slum.1,2 Slum is defined as a “densely populated urban area characterized by sub- sta

..]]> Sustainability is the utmost priority in today’s world. Sustainable environment to the coming generations is the prime responsibility of each one of us. Slums are part of urban environment and are such places of residence which has significant role to play in the sustainability of the environment. The environment in Indian slums is odious and malodorous. Slum dwellers' interactions with the environment will ultimately influence their vulnerability to environmental problems. The present s

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