mail.cwejournal.org Current World Environment en-us https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pmodelling-the-impact-of-urban-heat-island-mitigation-strategies-on-urban-air-qualityp/ 2022-08-01 2022-08-01 IntroductionUrban Heat Islands is the higher temperature in an urban area than in surrounding open or rural areas which has two distinct categories: Atmospheric and Surface Heat Island. Atmospheric UHIs are divided into two parts: one is the layer of air to the top of trees or roofs, and another is from the building roof or tree top level to the upper atmosphere of that area. Surface urban heat island depicts a difference between urban surfaces compar

..]]> Increasing urban sprawl has caused many severe problems like surge in pollution, rapid climatical variations, and the intensification of temperature in the urban areas, termed Urban Heat Islands (UHI). Population density has caused theconversion of most land areas into cities, and cities have expanded vastly. UHI phenomenon has caused temperature rise in the cities. Most of the metropolitan regions of India are experiencing consequences of UHI and the severity of pollution formation, which is a

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pa-review-on-comparison-of-different-water-leak-detection-techniques-suitable-for-indian-scenariop/ 01-06-2022 2022-06-01 IntroductionWe know water is one of the important gifts given to mankind from nature. Water is the source of happiness, wealth, and prosperity in the daily life of mankind. There are limited available resources of water in the different parts of the world, India is one of them and a decrease in the quantity of it spreads scarcity to the users1. Developing countries like India, China, countries of Africa, and Bangladesh have expected more water scarcity as compared to other countries with the con

..]]> Effective management of water distribution is necessary for any country worldwide by reducing water losses during different utility operations. Also in India, water loss is the biggest challenge for the municipalities and local bodies of various states. Different researchers had tried to give attention to this issue and its effective solution through different techniques. In this research paper a summarization of different methods used to identify and locate the leakage with its merits and demer

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pdefluoridation-proficiency-of-ocimum-tenuiflorum-based-bioadsorbent-against-fluoride-toxicity-in-drinking-waterp/ 27-05-2022 2022-05-27 IntroductionThough fluoride is one of the nutritional needs to human, the same is the major principal hazard contaminant in drinking water which exists naturally1. The availability of fluoride concentration in drinking water defines whether it is beneficial or harmful2. World Health Organization (WHO) suggests drinking water should contain fluoride less than 1.5 mg/L3. In India, more state people are consuming water with higher fluoride even after basic commercial purifications4. The excess fluo

..]]> From the past century, the global attention shifted towards fluoride toxicity through drinking water due to its severity in important health concerns. Many researchers made an attempt to resolve the issue to potable drinking water through many chemical and mechanical methods. Among them adsorption is one of the acceptable cheap and cost-effective method to remove the fluoride from its contaminated waters. This article presents a remarkable defluoridation techniques and approach by preparing effi

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/passessment-of-water-quality-index-and-non-carcinogenic-risk-for-ingestion-of-nitrate-for-drinking-purpose-of-bhosga-reservoir-karnataka-indiap/ 2022-09-12 2022-09-12 IntroductionWater is widely regarded as a crucial and valued natural resource upon which every living being on our planet rely1. Reservoirs are recognized as ecological barometers of the city’s health because they maintain the micro-climate of any urban center, influencing the lives of those who live, particularly in semi-arid regions2. Aside from environmental factors, including rainfall, sedimentary rock, erosion, etc., anthropogenic variables such as urbanization, industries, and agricultur

..]]> Reservoirs are vital water sources that contribute significantly to local ecological and environmental balance, particularly in semi-arid regions. An evaluation of the drinking water quality index (WQI) has been conducted using ten water parameters like electrical conductivity (EC), chloride (Cl-), pH, total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), phosphate (PO43-), dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate (NO3-), total dissolved solids (TDS), and sulfate (SO42-). Weighed Arithmetic Index technique is utili

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/panalysis-of-rainfall-trends-over-assam-north-east-indiap/ 2022-09-09 2022-09-09 IntroductionAgricultural activities mainly depend on the availability of water resources and soil productivity that support the livelihood and economy of the rural population of India. Changes in rainfall and temperature affect the socio-economic development of the natural environment by creating drought and flood-like conditions resulting in biodiversity loss as well as human lives. Climate studies require urgent and systematic attention; thus, this related research has gained importance around

..]]> The spatio-temporal variations of long-term rainfall over Assam in the North Eastern part of India were analyzed using data from twenty-six locations during the period 1981-2017. The annual, monthly, and seasonal rainfall trends are assessed by using Mann-Kendall and Sen slope tests over different sub regions. September, December, January, and February months recorded decreasing trends, while May, June, and August exhibited statistically substantial increasing trends. Similarly, annual, pre mons

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pflood-hazard-vulnerability-assessment-by-using-geo-spatial-techniques-krishna-and-guntur-districts-andhra-pradeshp/ 2022-09-09 2022-09-09 IntroductionFlood is one of the most devastating natural calamities that affects people all over the world. In recent years, an increasing number of people around the world have been exposed to severe natural disasters, which have disrupted society functioning and resulted in widespread human, economic, and environmental losses. This trend is expected to continue, particularly in the case of floods.1-2The primary causes of floods are geographically diverse distribution of river floodplains and l

..]]> This study aimed to investigate the performance of the French Type Constructed Wetlands (FTCW) at a pilot scale level in real field conditions for sewage treatment in India. The pilot plant consisted of hybrid wetlands in two stages, vertical and horizontal sub-surface flow types. The first stage comprised three compartments, vegetated with three different native plants (phragmites australis, canna indica, and sagittaria), operated in parallel, and sequentially loaded. Each VSSF bed of 12.25m2

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pspatial-temporal-distribution-and-trend-analysis-of-groundwater-level-at-ghazipur-district-uttar-pradesh-indiap/ 2022-09-07 2022-09-07 IntroductionGroundwater is the major source of freshwater, which fulfils the domestic as well as industrial and irrigation requirements of water in many parts of the world 1,2,3,4. Alluvial aquifers are one of the most important sources of groundwater worldwide. The Indo-Gangetic basin (alluvial aquifer system) is considered to be one of the world's most valuable water resources, yet it is also the most heavily exploited 5,6. More than one-fourth of the world's groundwater is withdrawn

..]]> The present study has analysed the Spatial-temporal distribution of groundwater level (GWL) in the Ghazipur district has been calculated using statistical and graphical methods for the period 1998, 2008 and 2018. In the present study, the GWL trend was analysed using the non-parametric Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test for the 39 locations of the Ghazipur district of UP, India. The trend analysis has been tested at a 5 % significance level. The mean, minimum and maximum GWL during the pre-monso

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/passessment-of-heavy-metal-pollution-associated-with-surface-sediment-contamination-in-the-bhima-river-karnataka-indiap/ 2022-09-07 2022-09-07 IntroductionThe sediment consists of particles that develop due to weathering of rocks and were moved by water or wind. Soil erosion, plant, and animal deterioration can all contribute to it. Sediments are fine sand, mud, and several soil particles, that segregate at base of water body.1,2 In the aquatic ecosystem, sediments are equivalent to the soil in the terrestrial ecosystem. Sediments supply nutrients to flora and fauna, which are essential for the existence of aquatic life.3 Ecological nu

..]]> The quality of the sediment is negatively impacted by the concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The Bhima River, which supports a sizable population and is a significant location for agricultural production, is susceptible to PTEs pollution. In this research, we examined concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) with Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Iron(Fe), Manganese(Mn), Cadmium(Cd), and Lead(Pb) in sediment samples collected from eight different chosen sites near temples where ri

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pfrench-type-constructed-wetlands-for-sewage-treatment-experiences-from-the-swings-prototype-in-indiap/ 2022-09-06 2022-09-06 IntroductionIn Indian sub-tropical climatic conditions, nature-based solutions (NBS) like constructed wetlands technology for sewage treatment are also gaining popularity over the other methods1,2,3. For small flows, constructed wetlands (CWs) have been a proven, cost-effective, and easy-to-implement method with low O&M costs compared to conventional high-rate treatment systems4,5. One of the most promising configurations of the CWs is the French Type wetland system for wastewater treatm

..]]> This study aimed to investigate the performance of the French Type Constructed Wetlands (FTCW) at a pilot scale level in real field conditions for sewage treatment in India. The pilot plant consisted of hybrid wetlands in two stages, vertical and horizontal sub-surface flow types. The first stage comprised three compartments, vegetated with three different native plants (phragmites australis, canna indica, and sagittaria), operated in parallel, and sequentially loaded. Each VSSF bed of 12.25 m2

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/passessment-of-respiratory-morbidity-and-epidemiological-survey-of-tobacco-smokers-and-non-smokers-among-educated-young-adults-in-visva-bharati-santiniketan-a-case-studyp/ 2022-09-06 2022-09-06 IntroductionThe tobacco product is made from the leaves of tobacco.1,2 Tobacco leaves, after being harvested, are cured, aged, and processed in various ways.2 More than 70 tobacco plant species are known, but the chief commercial is Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae family).3 Tobacco contains nicotine, a prime addictive chemical, and a psychoactive (mind altering) drug that rapidly affects the central nervous system.4 Worldwide, tobacco is available in many products, including ciga

..]]> Tobacco smoking among adults have become a serious health concern worldwide due to its increasing addicting nature. Tobacco smoke contains highly harmful gaseous and volatile chemical substances that impair the respiratory system and reduce lung function capacity. The study's primary objectives were to investigate the cause of smoking, behaviour of smokers, social responsibility, family history of the smoker, and significant respiratory health problems among young educated adults. The surve

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pfactor-analysis-of-air-pollutants-over-hyderabad-a-case-studyp/ 2022-09-06 2022-09-06 Introduction  Hyderabad, being a fast-growing metropolitan city has various IT establishments, pharmaceuticals and manufacturing industries.  The growth triggered a huge influx of population and thereby resulted in the exponential growth of high-rise buildings and vehicles.  In addition, this of the growth enhanced the pollution levels of the city and air pollution in particular.  This abnormal rise in air pollutant levels adversely affects the city h

..]]> Pollution levels in Metros of India are raising to alarm levels in last decades. This issue needs to be addressed immediately because it is hazardous to people's health. The present work is focused to highlight the major air pollutants in various areas of Hyderabad using publicly available data at Kaggle.com. By consolidating more air pollutants into fewer factors, this study's key objective is to reduce the complexity of air pollution. This helps to understand the interdependency of

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pforest-land-encroachment-in-kehmil-forest-division-of-kupwara-district-dimensions-causes-and-consequencesp/ 2022-09-05 2022-09-05 IntroductionThe survival of forests, which are essential habitats on the earth's surface, allows for the preservation of the variety of flora and fauna.  Forests now continuously turned into agricultural and settlement areas. These varied forests are complex habitats made up of both plants and animals. Within a predetermined set of environmental circumstances the ordinary changes has experienced to most species within these habitats. The rural communities extract timber and firewoo

..]]> This research aims to identify the areas under encroachment and its causes and consequences in the Kehmil forest division of the district of Kupwara in Jammu and Kashmir. The survey was conducted for two consecutive years during September 2020 to November 2020 and September 2021 to November 2021. The study area is dominated by (Himalayan dry-temperate to subalpine forest types). Cedrus deodar, Pinus excelsa, and Abies pindrow are the species in the Kupwara region with the highest importance valu

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pbiosynthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles-and-its-utilization-in-dye-decomposition-for-a-clean-environment-a-step-towards-sustainable-developmentp/ 2022-08-31 2022-08-31 IntroductionSynthesis of material in the nanometer scale is the remarkable discovery in the twentieth century. The word “Nano” derives from the ancient Greek word “nanos” which means “dwaft”. Nano refers to one billionth. Nanometer (nm) can be felt by saying that a human hair is about one million nm wide. A material is called nanomaterial when at least one of its sides belongs to 1-100 nm. Nanomaterials show significantly different physical and chemical properties in comparison to th

..]]> The tremendous interest of silver nanoparticles for the scientific community has cultivated due to its wide range of industrial applications including biomedicine. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) are also being applied as an anti-carcinogen. Enumerable modes are available on its various synthesizing strategies which causes an adverse effect on environment. But green synthesis method which is either plant mediated or microbe mediated, a precious gift to the environment dedicated by the researcher

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pimpact-of-climate-change-on-fruit-crops-a-reviewp/ 2022-08-29 2022-08-29 IntroductionClimate change can be explained in simple words as a significant shift in the statistical properties of the earth’s climate over an extended period of time with a lasting effect. Changes in the biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and other interacting elements of the atmosphere have contributed to climate change. It is widely acknowledged that manmade emissions have had a significant influence on climate change. A change in the atmospheric composition brought on by human activity, w

..]]> Climate change is becoming an observed reality. Several researchers around the world have been working for decades to model predicted climatic changes that will occur in the 21st century and forecast the potential impact on the global eco-system. Climate plays a major role in deciding perennial fruit crop’s distribution, phenology, fruit quality, and disease and pest incidents. Physiological and yield attributes of fruits are sensitive to changing global climate as the climatic factors such as

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pgaps-in-nitrogen-deposition-measurements-in-south-asiap/ 2022-08-29 2022-08-29 The growing demand of energy and food has resulted in increased consumption of fossil fuels resulting in huge emissions of NOx and NH3 gases. Both these gases are important reactive nitrogen species. Coal, petrol and diesel are the major sources of NOx while urea fertilizer is the major source of NH3 1-2. Urea is produced through Haber-Bosch process during which inert nitrogen (N2) is converted into urea. When we apply urea in the agricultural fields, its thermal dissociation gives rise to NH3 a

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..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/passessment-of-water-quality-of-kulik-river-of-raiganj-with-reference-to-physicochemical-characteristics-and-potabilityp/ 2022-08-27 2022-08-27 IntroductionIn today's time of globalization and industrialization, one of our most essential renewable resources has become finite in terms of quality and availability. Water is a precious commodity1, and the life of our entire planet depends on it, both for its existence and maintenance. Every organism on this planet, from the tiny bacteria to the Antarctic blue whale, is directly or indirectly linked with water, whether for its habitat, food, reproduction, etc. The freshwater bodies are

..]]> This study involves the assessment of physicochemical and microbiological parameters evaluated from nine sites along the stretch of the Kulik river for one year (during January–December 2020), in and around the town of Raiganj in Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal, India. The study was carried out to determine whether the river water can be used for drinking, domestic or household and recreation purposes. The parameters such as water temperature, pH, free carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen,

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pa-review-on-plastic-pollution-and-biodegradation-of-polyethylene-indian-regionp/ 2022-08-19 2022-08-19 IntroductionThe most widely utilized synthetic polymer is plastic, which is composed of components derived from fossil fuel resources. Since plastic materials are lightweight, low cost, highly durable, and relatively unbreakable, they have been extensively exploited in various, shelters, clothing, transportation, construction, medical, and leisure industries over the past 30 years [1]. The annual production of plastic waste around the globe is estimated to be around 57 million tonnes[2]. Plastic

..]]> Plastic is a broad category of organic polymers with a high molecular weight derived from a variety of hydrocarbons and petroleum derivatives. Plastic utilization has accelerated with the global population as a result of technological advancements; plastics and their types have shown a wide range of applications in every aspect of human life, most notably in packaging, transportation, and storage of industrial and agricultural products, raising the serious issue of plastic waste pollution and di

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pair-quality-assessment-with-human-health-effects-for-kota-metropolis-rajasthan-indiap/ 2022-08-01 2022-07-29 IntroductionAir pollution kills about 6.9 million people worldwide, as per the World Health Organisation (WHO) 1. Particulate matter (PM) is the 4th leading cause of 85 risk factors as per the Global Burden of Disease study, leading to more than 5 million deaths in 2017 1,2. 46 Indian cities are among the 100 most polluted cities globally, attributed to the high concentration of air pollutants 3. In 2019, more than 1.13 lakh deaths in Rajasthan were due to air pollutio

..]]> Bad air quality is the number one environmental concern globally due to its severe impact on animals, plant life, humans and property. This study has assessed air quality and health impact on humans in Kota metropolis, Rajasthan (India), to increase the understanding of the relation between health and pollutant sources, emission characteristics, topography, and meteorological conditions. AQI and EF are also calculated to determine the pollution category and critical level of pollutants, respecti

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pinvestigating-into-the-major-reasons-for-the-sinking-of-munroe-island-in-keralap/ 2022-07-29 2022-07-29 Introduction Earth is home to over 100,000 islands, which support 20% of global biodiversity Expert Committee Report 2015. Many of these islands are environmentally and culturally distinct due to their size, form, and degree of isolation. Islands have always attracted interest because of their natural beauty, distinctive landscapes, and unusual wildlife. The world's most active volcanoes, tallest sea cliffs, clearest blue oceans, and uncommon and magnificent plants and cre

..]]> The Munroe Isle of Kollam district was formed as a result of the sediment depositional process by river Kallada and Ashtamudi Lake; hence it is laccustrine in origin. There are 8 smaller islands that make up the archipelago. In the recent times, the island has been experiencing the threat of increased water level. Flooding and consequent sinking (3 to 4 meters ) is the major issue faced by the inhabitants of this island. Due to a shortage of shelter and daily revenue, almost 400 families have de

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pphysiological-maturity-studies-of-myrica-esculenta-in-kumaun-himalaya-uttarakhandp/ 2022-07-29 2022-07-29 IntroductionHimalaya is one of the youngest and largest mountain systems of the world and is known for its great source of organic and ethnic diversity 1-2, and the richest biodiversity zone in the terms of qualitative and quantitative from the other part of the world 3. The Himalaya are sensitive to environmental change, especially climate change and the response of recent warming on plant species are remarkably visible 4, continuous release of greenhouse gases at the current rates or more woul

..]]> Myrica esculenta, Buch-Ham. Ex. D. Don is frequent under-canopy species in the Himalayan woods of Pinus roxburghii and Quercus leucotrichophora. The species is well-known in the Kumaun region for its edible fruit and various by-products, it has arisen as potential income-generating plant. M. esculenta regrowth is poor in natural settings, owing to high anthropogenic pressure. The maturation process aids in determining the best time to harvest when seeds are in better physiological condition for

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol17no2/pland-usecover-mapping-and-change-detection-using-remote-sensing-techniques-a-case-of-upper-kullu-valley-himachal-pradeshp/ 01-06-2022 2022-06-08 IntroductionThe land use/cover change is one of the most important components in planning and strategies for natural resource management and monitoring.1 Land cover refers to the biophysical condition of a region and land use is the human modification of land to meet their resource needs.2 The recent period has seen exponential increase of human influence on land as a result of accelerated population growth leading to changes in the land cover.3 These changes in land use/cover have multiple impl

..]]> The land use/cover change has remained an important indicator in explaining the regional and global environmental issues and their determinants. The present study is an attempt to analyze the land use/cover change as a way of measuring visual impressions of landscape transformation in the Upper Kullu Valley of Himachal Pradesh. In the recent decades, the area has experienced considerable land use/cover changes due to urbanization, commercial agriculture and tourism activities. These developmenta

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