mail.cwejournal.org Current World Environment en-us https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/new-normal--of-covid-19--need-of-new-environmental-standards/ 17-08-2020 2020-09-24 Dear Readers I am pleased to present before you this issue of Current World Environment. I thank all the contributors of this issue. It is timely completed with the all support from the reviewers, authors and the office staff. This issue has a variety of papers covering atmospheric ammonia, water quality, zero waste method of sustainability, remote sensing use in environmental monitoring and air quality etc. Air pollution and poor urban air quality have been the major concerns of everyone

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..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/achieving-sustainability-through-zero-waste-fashion-a-review/ 2020-09-24 Introduction Clothing is an integral part of human society. It not only maintains the basic need of protecting humans from outside environment to maintain essential conditions for survival but also a means of expressing identity, wealth, power etc. In addition, clothing has been an important commodity traded globally over centuries.1 Fashion is a popular aesthetic expression in clothing at a particular time. Earlier, most of the clothing was made to order according to the requirements of t

..]]> Fashion industry encompasses every stage of production, starting from production of fibres, fabric, designing, production and sale of garments. Fashion industry holds second place among the pollution causing industries. This industry has an enormous impact on the environment as well as on the millions of people working in it. During the course of production of garments, a substantial amount of waste is generated. Solid waste, thus produced is sent to landfills, where it decomposes and leads to p

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/study-of-risk-assessment-of-indoor-nh3-in-two-urban-households-of-ncr-delhi/ 30-04-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction Rapid urbanisation has increased energy and food demands of humans which significantly affected the N cycle in the past few decades. Inert N2 gas is converted to its reactive forms through anthropogenic processes e.g. fossil fuel combustion, fertiliser manufacturing, sewage treatment, biomass burning etc. According to several studies, increase in reactive nitrogen can cause imbalance in the nitrogen cycle,1 soil acidification,2 loss of biodiversity,3-4 eutrophication of ecosystem

..]]> Indoor air pollution is a matter of serious concern in the mega cities which are grappling with poor air quality. There are very few reports available that discuss the indoor air quality of gaseous ammonia (NH3). This study reports the abundance and risk assessment of NH3 in two distinct urban households of Delhi city during July 2017 to June 2018. Results showed that the NH3 concentrations were consistently higher during entire sampling period at the Dwarka household (DH) site which represented

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/reliable-physical-parameters-for-determining-fruit---seed-maturity-timing-of-ficus-semicordata-buch--ham-ex-sm--in-kumaun-region-of-central-himalaya/ 01-06-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction Ficus semicordata -Ham. ex Sm. (syn. Ficus cunia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) is a multipurpose tree species belonging to the family Moraceae commonly known as Drooping fig, which is a small to medium sized tree up to 15 m tall, with an uneven crown. The leaf blade is frequently elliptic to lance-shaped and leaf margin is entire or coarsely toothed.1 F. semicordata usually evergreen tree. Sometimes leafless in the dry season.2 Flowering occurs between in the month of May-June.

..]]> Wild edible plants play an important role as food supplements during scarcity for local inhabitants. Ficus semicordata is commonly known as drooping fig. Plant parts are used for medicinal purposes. It is a common agroforestry tree in the Himalayan region growing from 750 to 1500 m elevation. The present study was carried out to assess the exact time of seed and fruit maturation and germination of F. semicordata in Nainital district of Kumaun Himalaya across 3 sites during two consecutive years

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/ecology-of-binwa-a-western-himalayan-hill-stream-in-relation-to-water-quality/ 2020-09-24 Introduction A stream is a watercourse of all sizes having a specific course, in which minerals and nutrients (inorganic and organic matter) are essential parts, flow along the longitudinal gradient from the head to mouth. Streams located in the Western Himalaya play a significant role ecologically (vast biodiversity), economically (hydroelectric and fishery potential), and socially (sacred religiously to adjoining inhabitants). Hill streams have some unique features such as swift water curre

..]]> Binwa is a perennial hill stream of the Western Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh. During the present investigation, four observation sites based on altitudinal differences were selected, i.e.,Kharli(S1), Baijnath (S2), near Chobin (S3), and Triveni (S4) and water samples were analyzed for physico-chemical and biological parameters for one year (Mar.2011-Feb.2012). Water temperature, water current, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, T.D.S., electric conductivity, total Hardness, phosphate, and nitr

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/assessment-of-leachate-contaminated-groundwater-quality-near-mandur-solid-waste-dumping-site-bangalore/ 2020-09-24 Introduction In recent past, groundwater has become a foremost source of fresh water in India as evidenced by 61% of net irrigation and 60% of the irrigated crop production by ground water in the country in addition to 80% of the rural, and 50% of the urban and industrial requirements in India.1 Hence, the increased dependency of ground water and unobstructed withdrawal of ground water for irrigation purpose in arid and semi-arid regions in India has utterly curtailed the aquifers during the

..]]> Groundwater samples along with leachate were collected randomly around the municipal solid waste dumping at Mandur village, Bangalore. All the collected samples were analysed for analytical parameters like pH, hardness, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate using Standard APHA methods during April 2018 (pre-monsoon period). It is apparent from the results that 25.93, 33.34, 14.82 and 81.48% of gr

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/institution-based-solar-steam-cooking-systems-in-india/ 04-08-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction Approximately 27 million rural population rely on biomass for cooking.1 Fuelwood, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and biomass wastes are being used for community cooking. Traditional fuels being used, release hazardous smoke. Use of traditional inefficient biomass burning cookstove causes poor air quality, affecting human health, deteriorating forest eco system, global warming and climate change. According to WHO, 1.5 million people die annually worldwide due to indoor air pollution.2

..]]> Large amount of conventional fuels like coal, wood and LPG are being used for community cooking resulting emission of greenhouse gases. Concentrating type parabolic dish can generate temperature upto 350-4000C thus, suitable for cooking purposes. The solar steam cooking system can cook food for 50 - 25,000 persons daily. A number of solar steam cooking systems installed at various institutions have been presented. Keeping this in view, a solar steam cooking system for 1500 students is being prop

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/impact-on-human-health-due-to-ghaggar-water-pollution/ 2020-06-18 2020-09-24 Introduction Water pollution is the key reason of various water-borne diseases all over the world, predominantly in the developing countries. Polluted water influences the life of present generation as well as it affects the upcoming generations because of its continuing effects.1 In India around 60% population is not accessible to safe drinking water. Especially in India the incidence of birth defects, cancers and diseases related to skin, lungs, brain, kidneys and liver are several

..]]> The people living in Ghaggar river basin are facing various waterborne diseases due to polluted water of Ghaggar River. The quality of Ghaggar river water was tested and analysed during this study. A health survey was also conducted to strengthen the work. The results undoubtedly verify that the quality of Ghaggar river water is not suitable to withstand the aquatic life and not fit for domestic uses. The low dissolved oxygen level and other checked parameters are clearly indicating it. The obse

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/diversity-of-tree-species-in-the-district-science-centre-campus--tirunelveli--tamil-nadu/ 2020-06-19 2020-09-24 Introduction Planting indigenous tree species and mixing with several other species significantly improve the conservation of biodiversity. Numerous scientific publications are offered the justification for biodiversity conservation (Frankham et al., 2002; Pregernig, 2006). The number of ecological niches in an ecosystem can be increased by growing a higher number and diversity of tree species. This has been sequentially enhanced the associated species such as understory plants (Kanowaski et

..]]> District Science Centre campus is not only a green lung for Tirunelveli City, but also aimed to create awareness about the biodiversity among the public. District Science Centre is committed towards developing a green campus, and established a Garden in achieving the commitment. It is the centre for higher learning, being both recreational and educative role; it will continually host a human population consisting of students and common public. The present study focused on tree diversity and thei

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/surface-water-quality-in-the-forest-catchment---a-case-study-of-tunga-and-bhadra-river-stretches--karnataka/ 14-05-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction Rivers are a perennial source of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, electricity generation, etc. Presently, most of the water resources are being polluted mainly by population explosion, urbanization, industrialization and other anthropogenic activities. Subsequently the entry of industrial wastes, effluents, sewage, pesticides from agricultural run-off and other contaminants into the water bodies both from point and non-point sources of pollution, deteriorating t

..]]> A need of water quality assessment of the rivers before enters into the human induced habitations play a vital role in maintenance of ecological balance. The surface water samples were randomly collected from the Tunga and Bhadra reservoirs situated in the downstream catchments of Western Ghats with semi-evergreen and mixed deciduous forests during January 2018 to December 2019. The samples were analyzed as per the Standard Methods prescribed for drinking water analysis. Increased trend of pH in

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/analysis-of-ambient-air-quality-based-on-exceedance-factor-and-air-quality-index-for-siliguri-city-west-bengal/ 19-06-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction In the past few years, a significant enhancement in the process of prevention and management of air pollution was seen, instead of this advancement, air pollution has continued to be foremost environmental health vulnerability to humans. In many third world countries, the intensity of air pollution goes beyond the maximum boundary as set by the guidelines of the World Health Organization.1 Due to the rapid urbanization and industrialization, air pollution has become the foremost

..]]> Bad air is one of the key concerns for most of the urban centres today, and Siliguri is no exceptions to this.  In order to assess the air quality of Siliguri, Exceedance factor (EF) method was applied based on the average annual concentration of the pollutants named as; NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 and it is found that PM2.5 and PM10 are the major pollutants that pose a severe threat for the city. After applying the EF method, it is found that the values of PM2.5 was between moderate to hi

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/valve-position-control-under-ph-influence-for-pm-evapotranspiration-model/ 2020-09-24 Introduction Evapotranspiration is defined as the loss of surface water from field and water bodies in the form of both evaporation and transpiration. Studies has revealed the underground freshwater storage is quickly getting exhausted.1 Also due to different types of contamination, like Arsenic and other heavy metals, the natural salinity and pH are getting altered.2 Due to the high salinity content, the evaporation rate is getting influenced and it is causing a change in the hydrological cy

..]]> The productivity of soil largely depends on the optimum conditions of farmingincluding the water quality. With the proper pH values of the water-soil moisture maintained during the time of farming leads to absorption of right amount of minerals to the plant body which increases the productivity of the crop. Under normal practice, it is often found that the pH value of the irrigational water overlooked and hence the optimum conditions are maintained. In this article, a noble approach is taken to

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/water-quality-assessment-of-schools-in-solan-district-of-himachal-pradesh/ 04-07-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction Water is considered as most essential and important natural resources for human beings, animals and plants. It is difficult to imagine an environment without water. Man can live only three or four days without water. The available total water quantity remains constant globally and is sufficient to meet demands of world living beings, its quality and improper management poses concerns of water crises. Although our planet has nearly 71 per cent of water, only 3 per cent of it is fr

..]]> Assessment of drinking water quality was done by selecting Nine Government senior secondary schools of three blocks in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. The water quality parameters such as physical, chemical and biological parameters of water samples were analyzed. The water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, EC, TDS, temperature, BOD and COD ranged from 18.3 to 21.2°C,6.95 to 7.13, 0.24 to 0.51 dS m-1, 107.90 to 194.02 mg l-1, 0.69 to 2.26 mg l-1 and 56.50 to 119.75 mg l-1;

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/the-impact-of-regional-policy-and-population-growth-on-environmental-kuznets-curve-for-agricultural-sector-in-indonesia--a-provincial-dynamic-panel-data-analysis/ 12-08-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction The challenges of agricultural development today are not only to meet food needs, but also must be more environmentally friendly. Food demand is expected to continue to increase with an increasing population.1,2 The increasing need for food both from food crops, horticulture, plantations, andanimal husbandry spurs productivity in the agricultural sector which triggers an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the agricultural sector.3–5 In Indonesia, the agricult

..]]> This paper aims to determine the impact of regional policy (RAD GRK) and population on GHG emission reductions in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis of land-based agriculture (food crops, horticulture , and plantations) in Indonesia. This study uses provincial-level panel data and is processed using the GMM system method. The conclusion of this study proved the occurrence of the EKC hypothesis of the land-based agriculture sector in Indonesia with turning points of Rp. 44,201,600 /

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/regeneration-problem-of-wild-edible-fruits-and-impact-on-himalayan-langur--presbytis-entellus/ 13-08-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction Uttarakhand state is highly enriched with its vegetation including wild edible fruits due to its varied eco-geographical and eco-climatic conditions (Saklani et al; 2011). Central Himalaya is an important source of wild edible fruit species. These wild edible fruits species grow abundantly across an altitudinal gradient of Himalaya and the majority of them bear fruits during summer (Maikhuri et al; 2009). Wild edible plants refer to species that are harvested or collected from th

..]]> This paper concept was to observe the knowledge about some wild edible fruit species which are consumed by Himalayan langur (Presbytis entellus) and its regeneration in the Nainital district of Kumaun Himalaya. The wild edible fruit species are not only as a source of supplemental food, had nutrionally balanced diet, medicines, fodder for cattle and fuel, but also for income generating potential of rural people in this region.. The diet of the Himalayan langur (Presbytis entellus) was studied fo

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/bioaccumulation-kinetics-and-bio-concentration-factors-of-few-polychlorinated-biphenyls--a-study-on-freshwater-fish-puntius-ticto/ 16-07-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction The discovery of residues of xenobiotic compounds in tissues of fish and other aquatic organisms since the early 1960s caused increased attention of the scientific fraternity towards their bioaccumulation in living organisms. It is possible to predict what happens to such substances in the environment by comparing the extent to which they accumulate in living systems in comparison with the medium in which they exist. It is also possible to determine and compare the extent of conc

..]]> The present work aims to understand the bioaccumulation kinetics and bioconcentration factors (BCF) of the Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) PCB 126 and PCB 169 in tissues of fish Puntius ticto. A continuous fed system was used to carry out the study. Bioconcentration in the tissues of the fish has been summarised using a first order uptake model. Fish were exposed to the PCBs continuously for a period of 30 days and this exposure has been used to calculate the steady state of BCF. The gill tissu

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/assessment-of-seasonal-variation-in-physicochemical-characteristics-of-the-soil-at-gautala-reserve-forest--m-s---india/ 11-07-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction Soil is a crucial element of several terrestrial ecosystems by itself, it hosts enormous biodiversity, both in terms of species abundance and functionality. The soil is a biological medium for plant growth (Ghorade, 2013). It is crucial fact that water covers approximately 71% of total surface of Earth and about 3% of water is fresh. Out of these approximately 3% of water, 2.5% water is available in Antarctica in the solid form i.e. ice (Bhadra et al., 2014). Water plays an impe

..]]> The aim of study was to investigate the seasonal changes of physicochemical parameters in the soil of selected 15 spots of the Gautala reserve forest. The soil is consist of the most significant natural factors, which is created by weathering of the rocks existing in the environment. The present survey was made to study consists the physicochemical parameters in the soil of the Gautala Reserve Forest during the year 2017-18 at three seasonal intervals i.e. rainy, winter and summer seasons. The s

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/ecology-and-diversity-of-zooplankton-of-the-river-ganga-at-bihar--india-in-relation-to-water-quality/ 09-07-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction The biota of aquatic systems affects directly or indirectly human beings. Among all the freshwater aquatic biota, zooplankton is able to reflect the physical and chemical parameters as well as secondary productivity potential of aquatic systems.1 Zooplankton provides several advantages as indicators of environmental quality in lotic and lentic water bodies.2 Zooplankton distribution shows wide spatio-temporal variations because of the various limnological factors on individual sp

..]]> A study was carried out to evaluate the ecology and diversity of the zooplankton of the Ganga River at Arrah from Bihar, India from January 2018 to December 2019. Varied physical and chemical parameters supporting the zooplankton and corresponding biodiversity indices were studied. The water temperature showed inverse correlation with pH, dissolved oxygen, whereas direct relationship with total alkalinity, hardness, chloride, nitrate and sulfate. A total of 23 genera of zooplankton belonging to

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/impact-of-neem-oil-on-malathion-in-the-fish-oreochromis-mossambicus/ 09-07-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction A greater part of the natural aquatic environment is faced with the risk of a shrinking genetic base and biodiversity due to the haphazard use of pesticides.1 Pesticides have been used for centuries in agriculture for increased food production by destroying undesirable bugs and to control disease vectors.2 Pesticides that reach the water frame can accumulate in fish and molluscs which might be dangerous to humans whilst ingested.3 Fishes are vulnerable to toxic substances and t

..]]> The far reaching dissemination and toxic nature of pesticides and their elements seriously affects the aquatic surroundings, and exerts negative consequences on the related organisms. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of malathion and neem oil individually and also in combination on the fresh water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus to elucidate the change in the different target organs like liver and kidney with reference to biochemical and histopathological studies. Median

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/diversity-of-fish-species-and-physico-chemical-assessment-of-dejla-dewda-reservoir-khargone--m-p---india/ 2020-07-27 2020-09-24 Introduction Water plays a crucial role in boosting the world economy. The fresh water used by humans which is used for agriculture is approximately 70%. Fishing in salt and freshwater bodies is the primary source of food in many parts of the world. Most of the long distance trade of commodities (oil and natural gas) as well as the manufactured products are transported by the boats through rivers, seas, lakes and the canals. In the industries and homes large quantities of ice, water and steam

..]]> The aim of this work was to find the seasonal variations of physico-chemical properties of the Dejla Dewda reservoir. The physico-chemical characteristics have been studied and analysed in the present investigation during Nov 2016 to Dec 2017.Water samples were collected from three sampling stations, changes in the physico-chemical parameters of water, such as Water temperature, transparency, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Biological oxygen dema

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/maintaining-natural-capital-stocks--an-insight-into-traditional-and-modern-approaches/ 03-08-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction Natural capital embraces the living and nonliving components of ecosystems that contribute to the generation of goods and services for people but excludes human beings and articles made by them. Natural capital refers to the natural environment around us that provides the goods and services to sustain life on this globe.1,2,3,4,&5 It includes soil, air, water, plant and animal biomass, forests, fish populations, mineral deposits, etc. Natural capital stock can be classifi

..]]> Natural capital refers to the natural environment around us that provides the goods and services to sustain life on this globe and includes soil, air, water, plant and animal biomass, forests, fish populations and mineral deposits. Sustainability could be defined as the level of consumption that satisfies the demand of the present without compromising the need of the future generations and not demeaning natural capital stocks. A serious threat to the current framing of

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/evaluating-changes-in-land-use-land-cover-using-remote-sensing-satellite-data-and-gis--a-case-study-in-patna-municipal-corporation-area--patna--bihar/ 07-08-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction Evaluation of LULC change is an essential aspect of planning and management activities. Information on LULC change is significant for the preparation and execution of land management. Change Detection is an important procedure and necessary for updating LULC for management of the land environment. The significance of this study area as Patna is the capital city of Bihar situated along the confluence of River Ganges. The City Patna (PMC) is a fast-growing city and emerging trade

..]]> Evaluation of land use land cover (LULC) change is an essential aspect of development in rural and urban sectors. This paper investigates the changes in LULC aspects of an environmentally vulnerable Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC) area in the middle-Ganga Plain, India. We offer Remote Sensing (RS), and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques delineated LULC types include water bodies, agriculture land, fallow land, wasteland, built-up land and vegetation of the study area. LULC mapping

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/seasonal-fluctuation-in-thermoregulatory-behaviour-of-long-billed-vulture--gyps-indicus--by-wing-stretching-at-southern-rajasthan-india/ 12-08-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction Sun-bathing or basking is a behaviour seen in birds for many kinds of reasons (Kennedy, 1969).Thermoregulation phenomenon is observed in a wide variety of avian species including large falconiformes, King Vulture (Sacoramphus papa), White-backed vulture (Gyps africanus), Indian King vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) and Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus); various species of Psittaciformes, Piciformes, Coracciformes, Columbiformes, Ciconiiformes, Corvidae and passerine birds. The ther

..]]> Long-billed vulture is warm-blooded and they regulate body temperature by solar radiation. Thermoregulatory behaviour plays an important role for organism survival and its fitness. It also plays a major role in removal of ectozoons, cleaning of body and feathers, elimination of sand particles, wing flexibility and is also helpful in long distance flight. Maximum thermoregulation time recorded in winter were (680±95.65) and minimum were (516.07 ±68.66) seconds in su

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/biodiversity-assessment-of-balapur-pond-of-district-prayagraj--u-p--with-special-reference-to-vertebrates-and-angiosperms/ 12-08-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction A vertebrate has notochord during its embryonic development which is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column or backbone in adults. The subphylum Vertebrata comprises seven classes of living animals namely Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia. First four are popularly known as Anamniota and last three as Amniota (Verma and Praksh, 2020a). The angiosperms are well developed and highly evolved group of plants in which there

..]]> The present study was undertaken to record the diversity of Balapur pond of the Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh with special reference to vertebrates and angiosperms. The Balapur pond was surveyed in detail once in a month for a period of one year from January 2018 to December 2018. The survey reflects a rich and flourishing biodiversity of the pond studied including 40 chordate species and 38 species of angiosperms. The notable chordate diversity includes 12 species of fishes, 2 species of

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol15no2/approach-of-remote-sensing-and-gis-techniques-of-land-use-and-land-cover-mapping--patna-municipal-corporation---pmc--patna--bihar--india/ 18-08-2020 2020-09-24 Introduction The approach of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the preparation of land use land cover (LULC) mapping is an essential aspect of planning and development activities for land resource management. The study City Patna (PMC) is a fast developing city and emerging economic epicentre in Bihar. The population of the city (PMC) is growing day by day, and rapid migration from the different parts of the Bihar resulted from rapid urbanization.1 So, these p

..]]> The approach of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the preparation of land use land cover (LULC) mapping is an essential aspect of planning and development activities for earth resource management. This paper investigates land use land cover (LULC) map of Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC), Patna, Bihar, India. The City Patna (PMC) is a fast developing city and emerging economic centre in Bihar. The population of the city (PMC) is growing day by day, and rapid migra

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