mail.cwejournal.org Current World Environment en-us https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/relationship-between-estuarine-shellfish-fauna-and-physical-environmental-characteristics-for-estuary-conservation-in-kyushu-japan/ 2015-12-16 2018-12-06 Introduction Estuaries are characterized by a spatiotemporally complex environment in terms of both physical and chemical aspects driven by external forces of river flow, tide and ocean waves, or influx of sediment and nutrients.1 Therefore, several definitions of estuaries from the standpoint of physical characteristics or salinity distribution exist.2 In addition, estuaries are important habitats for conserving biodiversity of species that live in only brackish water.3&

..]]> The establishment of a conservation strategy or restoration goal for river estuaries requires knowledge of potential biota or possible habitat characteristics. In this study, we investigated the relationship between estuarine fauna and macro scale physical indicators on Kyushu Island, Japan to provide basic information for estuarine conservation. As a result of the classification of shellfish fauna by similarity, the Kyushu region was divided into three groups, namely, 1) southern Kyushu with hi

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/fast-removal-of-co2-and-ni2-from-aqueous-solution-using-partial-carbonized-nanoporous-resin/ 2015-12-11 2018-12-06 Introduction There are various methods for removing heavy metals from waste water including chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, liquid extraction or electrodialysis (Sitting 1981; Patterson 1985). However, these methods are not widely used due to their high cost and low feasibility for small-scale industries (Sohail et al. 1999). In contrast, adsorption technique is by far the most versatile and widely used. Several metal-retaining resin, containing a variety of comple

..]]> Partial carbonized nanoporous resin (PCNR-150), based on organic xerogel compounds, was prepared at 150 ºC by sol–gel method from pyrogallol and formaldehyde mixtures in water using perchloric acid as catalyst.  The PCNR-150 was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nitrogen porosimetry. The metal uptake characteristics were explored using well-establishe

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/atmospheric-aerosols-air-quality-and-climate-change-perspectives/ 2015-12-15 2018-11-27 Introduction Solid or liquid particles suspended in the air are termed as aerosols. These particles generally range from 1nm to 10 μm size diameter1. Atmospheric aerosols are contributed by several natural and anthropogenic sources such as earth crust, volcanic eruption, ocean and sea spray, industries, biomass burning and vehicular traffic etc. During recent past, aerosol production from anthropogenic sources has increased significantly. Studies have reported that atmospheric aerosols

..]]> Recently, air quality has become a matter of concern of everyone. According to the reports, atmospheric aerosols play very crucial role in air quality. PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols are integral parts of total suspended particulate matter which affect our health. Often air quality has been reported very poor due to violation of National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) limits. PM10 and PM2.5 limits are crossed for both residential as well as sensitive sites. This is one of the major reasons of inc

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/knowledge-attitudes-and-preventive-practices-of-dengue-fever-among-secondary-school-students-in-jazan-saudi-arabia/ 2015-11-13 2018-12-07 Introduction Dengue is a viral disease transmitted to humans by the bite of infected females of the main vector Aedes aegypti and to lesser extent Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.1 The World Health Organization has classified dengue into three categories according to disease severity; Dengue Fever (DF), Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS).2 Severe dengue (DHF and DSS) causes lethal complications that included severe hemorrhage, plasma leakage, organ i

..]]> Dengue fever (DF) is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. Several confirmed dengue cases occurred in Jazan region in the last decade. Current study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices of dengue fever among students of secondary schools in Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of six secondary schools in Jazan. Multistage stratified random sample method was used and seven hundred for

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/survey-of-sustainable-development-to-make-great-man-made-river-producing-energy-and-food/ 2015-10-26 2018-12-06 Introduction The North African state of Libya is in one of the driest regions of the world with an annual rainfall ranging from just 10 mm to 500 mm. Just 5% of the entire area of Libya exceeds 100 mm annually. Evaporation rates are also high, ranging from 1,700 mm in the north to 6,000 mm in the south.1 Some of British researchers have found that Libya is floating on the vast reserves of groundwater, and they have assigned the amount of groundwater/aquifers that Africa has. The reserve of

..]]> The Great Man-Made River (GMR) is the world largest irrigation project, consisting of a network of pipes that supplies water from Libyan desert in the south to the coastal areas in the north. This paper studies the possibility of taking advantage of GMR to generate energy and produce food through agriculture. Hydro-kinetic power generation would be carried out by generating energy from water movements across Great Man-Made River pipelines using appropriate sizes of turbines. It'

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/waste-to-energy-a-green-paradigm-in-solid-waste-management/ 2015-11-17 2018-12-06 Introduction Around 42 million tonnes (115 thousand tonnes per day) and 6000 million cubic meters of liquid waste are generated every year in India. The municipal solid waste (MSW) generation ranges from 0.25 to 0.66 kg/person/day with an average of 0.45 kg/person/day (UNEP, 2011). In addition, large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are generated by industries. The increasing industrialization, urbanization and changing life patterns accompany the process of economic growth, which will g

..]]> The current annual generation of municipal solid waste in India is estimated to be around 42 million tones which will rise rapidly with population growth, urbanization and improving living standards of people. The municipal solid waste (MSW) generation ranges from 0.25 to 0.66 kg/person/day with an average of 0.45 kg/person/day. In addition, large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are generated by industries. Most of the wastes generated find their way into land and water bodies. Without pro

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/assessing-the-effectiveness-of-microelement-removal-in-the-south-tertiary-wastewater-plant-riyadh-ksa/ 2015-12-12 2018-12-07 Introduction Environmental engineering and novel energy technologies are at the forefront of research1-4 as part of a key strategy towards sustainability and a cleaner environment. One of the main concerns within the field of renewable energies and environmental engineering is wastewater treatment. In arid regions such as the Saudi Arabian peninsula, where 20% of wastewater is used for irrigation purposes it is especially important to monitor wastewater plant operations as w

..]]> This work focuses on the monitoring of trace element removal from the Riyadh South Tertiary Wastewater Treatment plant using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Considering that the final effluent originating from the plant is directed for irrigation purposes towards the farms of Al- Dirayia, Dirab and Wadi Hanifa it is important to consider the possible presence of  elevated microelement concentrations that could pose potential threats to the human health. All sample

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/assessment-of-the-quality-of-water-in-sulaimaniyah-city-kurdistan-region-iraq/ 2015-10-12 2018-12-06 Introduction Good drinking water quality is essential for the wellbeing of all population and essential for their health. According to the WHO about 80% of all the diseases in human beings are related to water.1 Tremendous is increase in the request for clean water due to quick growth of population and the speeded pace of industrialization.2 The increase in population and expansion of economic activities undoubtedly leads to increasing request of water for various purposes.

..]]> Good drinking water quality is essential for the well being of all population. The object of this study was to assess the quality of drinking water in the city of Sulaimaniyah in Iraqi Kurdistan.  A total of 2342 water samples from various sources providing water to the city collected during 2014 were analyzed for physiochemical and biological parameters using standard methods. Fifty percent of the samples were from, Dukan project after treatment, 26% from Dukan project before treatment

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/rainfall-trend-analysis-of-punjab-india-using-statistical-non-parametric-test/ 2015-09-18 2018-12-06 Introduction During the last few decades, as a result of the climate change1 variation in rainfall pattern has drawn a lot of attention for protection of the food production and available fresh water.2 Some rising trend of precipitation including monsoon rainfall is observed in central Asia, whereas a decrease is found in the south Asia.1 The Indian climate is mainly characterized by monsoon rainfall which is well supported by several studies.3-6 Major parts of Indi

..]]> Annual, seasonal and monthly variations in rainfall trend in Punjab, India for 102 years (1901–2002) were analysed using statistical non-parametric tests - the Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test and Sen’s slope which indicated rising trend in rainfall in all the districts.

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/assessment-of-environmental-behaviour-among-the-urban-poor-of-panjtirthi-slum-jammu-india/ 2015-09-30 2018-12-06 Introduction Rapid urbanization growth has caused accelerating rate of urban poverty. This happens due to uncontrolled migration from rural areas to urban areas as well as from small urban centres to large urban centres. In this process, the poor settle in informal sector of economy inhibiting areas for their own convenience and affordability, resulting into mushrooming of slums in general. Slums are considered as illegally occupied houses and creating a nuisance of environmental pollution an

..]]> The present study is an attempt to evaluate environmental awareness and attitude among the slum dwellers. Results based upon dwellers responses to various questions on environmental issues revealed that majority of the respondents (76.19%) had score indicating high level of basic environmental awareness. Among the gender groups, significant difference between the basic environmental awareness level among male and female respondents was observed but no significant difference was shown among diffe

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/monitoring-of-noise-levels-at-various-sites-during-winter-season-at-bhindawas-wetland-haryana-india/ 2015-09-25 2018-12-07 Introduction Wetlands are found throughout the world landscape and covering nearly 6% of land area (i.e. 8.6 million km2).1 Indian wetlands are home of the one fifth of country’s biodiversity within less than 5% of the total geographical area of India.2 A total of 4290 large lakes and uncountable small water bodies present in India.3,4 Haryana is located between 270 29’ to 300 56’ N latitudes and 740 27’ to 770 36’ E

..]]> Noise pollution has increased over the past century, especially the past few decades, disturbing the integrity of natural ecosystems. Higher noise level not only harms humans, but threatens the birds. It cause reduction of bird’s species, reproductive failure and affect food availability. A comprehensive study on noise level of three pre-selected sites of Bhindawas wetland was carried out during the November 2010 and February 2011. At each site, noise level measurements were made at te

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/development-of-an-overall-water-quality-index-owqi-for-surface-water-in-indian-context/ 2015-11-03 2018-12-06 Introduction The quality of water is defined in physical, chemical, biological forms in each category and the water quality parameters are selected on the basis of their intended use. A number of sites for the water quality monitoring create voluminous information and results in complexity to categorize the quality of water for various purposes. Such classifications are generally used for comparison of quality of water on individual parameter basis as per the national and international standa

..]]> A number of water quality indices based on classification criteria, sub-indices and aggregation function have been developed by the researchers for categorizing the water quality for different uses. In the present study, a general Overall Water Quality Index (OWQI) is developed to classify the surface water into five categories, viz. excellent, good, fair, poor and polluted. For this purpose, the concentration ranges have been defined on the basis of the Indian Standards (IS) and Central Polluti

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/oak-quercus-floribunda-a-prominent-indigenous-multipurpose-tree-for-carbon-storage-and-sequestration-potential/ 2015-09-17 2018-12-06 Introduction The Himalaya, youngest mountain range of the world covers about 18% of total geographical area of India. Forests constitute (50% of India’s forest cover) an important natural resource base in the Himalaya, most important being the temperate broad leaf forests, which are largely dominated by different species of oak (Quercus species).1 Oaks (Quercus spp.) are the dominant, climax tree species of the moist temperate forests of the Indian Himalayan region

..]]> A dynamic growth model (CO2FIX) has been used for estimating the carbon sequestration potential of Oak (Quercus floribunda), an indigenous multipurpose tree used for timber, fuel wood, fiber and specially fodder in addition to its ability of soil binder. The present study has been carried out in the campus of V.C.S.G. College of Horticulture, U.U.H.F., Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. It is capable of thriving on snow and heavy rainfall condition. CO2FIX was parameterized for a simulation of

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/removal-of-bod5-and-cod-from-saline-wastewater-using-fixed-bed-column-of-aspergillus-oryzae-and-halobacillus-dabanensis/ 2015-09-14 2018-12-06 Introduction Industries are responsible for the release of billion gallons of wastewater containing high levels of salt and organic matters1 into the environment. Such a huge amount of waste generated in the world is capable of being reused as a source of water supply in areas with water shortages.2 More efficient treatment methods should be utilized before reusing and/or discharging the saline wastewater to the environment.3   Table&nbsp

..]]> 5-day BOD and COD can be removed by biological aerobic treatment of saline wastewater. In this research, halophilic microorganisms, namely Aspergillus oryzae and Halobacillus dabanensis were isolated from a return sludge basin of a  wastewater treatment plant in the City of Bandar Abbas  in southern Iran , that contained  a Total Dissolved  Solid (TDS) of about 7500 mg l-1. These microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) could tolerate 20% concentration of salt (NaC

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/watershed-programme-an-innovative-way-to-solve-scarcity-and-provide-security-of-water-in-rural-areas-for-sustainable-human-and-social-development-some-cases/ 2015-08-31 2018-12-06 Introduction Studies reveal that the water scarcity cannot be ignored right through the world. A prediction study of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) reports that about 2000 million people would suffer due to water crisis by 2050. It also reveals that nearly one-fifth of the world’s population would access unsafe water for drinking purpose. Exploitation of groundwater in unplanned and unscientific manner has caused both hydrological imbalance and degradation in q

..]]> Sustainable development is now the much talked about term in the modern society owing to the increasing concern for the degrading environment. Water is the basic unit of life and without it one cannot think of the development in any form. In the present paper an attempt has been made to explain the concept of watershed management and show how effective such watershed project can be in enhancing the availability of water in the rural areas that suffers immensely owing to the situation of huge sca

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/environmental-perspectives-of-pond-ecosystems-global-issues-services-and-indian-scenarios/ 2015-10-30 2018-12-06 Introduction It is misleading to label small water bodies as unimportant and insignificant, because it is our common experience that little things carry more importance in our lives. However, it is not undeniable that small aquatic systems are taken as irrelevant to global problems and are ignored in nearly all globally important views and processes such as carbon processing and transport. Small water bodies are inherent part of the biosphere and the interconnected network of global metabolic

..]]> Ponds are an integral component of the hydrological system; and perform diverse roles in the biosphere. Studies on pond ecosystems are, however, often neglected, probably, due to their little size. There is no doubt that little things perform many important activities in our lives. The literature survey on pond environment studies shows very little investigative works in India; and there is no review publication on pond environment reports. In Europe, pond conservation initiative has, however, r

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/environmental-and-landscapes-design-in-archaeolandscapes-by-using-remote-sensing/ 2015-12-03 2018-12-07 Introduction The term “cultural landscape” embraces a diversity of manifestations of the interaction between humankind and its natural environment and about ideas and meanings, concepts and interpretations, dynamics and dialogues. Cultural landscapes are those where human interaction with natural systems has, over a long time, formed a distinctive landscape. Then Cultural landscape is a complex phenomenon resulting from both natural- geographical and social-cultural pro

..]]> From the past, the combinations of the natural structures and the human features have created a specific cultural archaeolandscape. Therefore, the Environmental design in these landscapes have been presented through the main idea of “the passage of humans in the nature during over centuries” .In the new paradigm of integrated conservation in cultural landscapes, archaeological sites and buildings are evaluated in a wider range, and considerable attention is paid to them in th

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/consumers-intention-to-purchase-green-brands-the-roles-of-environmental-concern-environmental-knowledge-and-self-expressive-benefits/ 2015-12-05 2018-12-07 Introduction Environmental issues are increasingly gaining importance among societies worldwide.1  In the process of developing new products, climate change emerges as an issue of strategic importance because companies are considering climate change related risks and opportunities in product planning. Consumer’s environmental knowledge and concern and environmental regulations such as Kyoto Protocol and Montreal Convention are deeply influencing world business.2 In

..]]> Companies are striving to minimize environmental impact through sustainable business practices. Consumers have become more aware of environmental issues and many companies have recognized the relevance of green marketing in gaining competitive advantage. As a part of green marketing strategy, companies are developing green brands. This paper focuses on the effect of consumer’s concern for environment, environmental knowledge and self expressive benefits on attitude and intention to pur

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/assessing-environmental-sensitivity-areas-to-desertification-in-north-of-iran/ 2015-12-08 2018-12-07 Introduction Defined as the change of fertile and productive lands into non-productive desert areas, desertification remains as a major environmental concern in most arid, semiarid, and sub-humid areas of the world (Dregne, 1977; UNCCD, 1994; Herrmann and Hutchinson, 2005). Desertification may results from various natural and human-associated factors such as wind or/and water erosion, destruction of vegetation covers and water resources, water logging, soil salinization and alkaliza

..]]> The sensitivity map to desertification of Chehel-chai basin (North of Iran) has been elaborated by the crossing of fives criteria including climate, water erosion, soil, vegetation, and management, which have the main impact on the evolutionary process of desertification. The methodology is resulted from the desertification model of MEDALUS, which use qualitative index to define the land sensitive area to desertification. According to the factorial scaling technique, score-ranging from 1(good co

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/a-study-on-energy-consumption-pattern-in-developing-areas-of-western-himalayan-state/ 2015-12-07 2018-12-07 Introduction India is a country with 1.21 billion people and total land area of 3,287,263 km2.1 About 68 per cent of India’s population still live in rural areas and depend largely on non-commercial sources of energy such as fuelwood, biomass, and agricultural residue for their energy requirements for cooking and heating. In India, the domestic sector has been one of the largest consumers of energy accounting for 40 to 50 per cent of the total energy consumption.2&nbsp

..]]> A study was carried out on energy consumption and carbon emission in growth oriented Dharmpur block of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. The energy consumption pattern revealed that fuelwood consumption contributed highest (80.43%) proportion of total energy mix followed by electricity (11.55%), kerosene (2.87%), dung cake (2.79%), LPG (2.31%) and diesel (0.08%). The daily energy consumption pattern in kg of coal equivalent for fuelwood, electricity, kerosene, dung cake, LPG and diesel was wor

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/fuel-property-of-biodiesel-made-from-microalgae-chlorella-sp/ 2015-12-03 2018-12-07 Introduction Algae (macro and micro) have been taken in consideration as a residual biomass ready to be used for energy purposes. Algae, especially microalgae, were found to be the only source of renewable biodiesel that is capable of meeting the global demand for transport fuels.1 The idea of using algae as a source of fuel is now being taken seriously because of the increasing price of petroleum and more significantly, the emerging concern about global warming that is associated with burnin

..]]> Microalgae chlorella is an organism capable of photosynthesis that is less than 2mm in diameter. The biodiesel extracted from algae using chloroform/methanol extraction solvent system then undergone three different transesterification processes based on three different catalysts viz. Alkali catalyst, Acid catalyst  and Enzymatic catalyst with  two temperature (50°C and 60 °C) and with 1:5 methanol to bio-oil ratio. After transesterification using different catal

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/impact-of-parasitic-diseases-on-fishes-of-north-west-himalayan-streams/ 2015-10-16 2018-12-07 Introduction Parasites are specialists in host environment with close co-evolutionary ties. Convolution embodies two components, togetherness (Co-) and history (Evolution). Co-evolution encompasses both microevolutionary and macroevolutionary associations. Host specificity (by the parasite) and defense mechanism (by the host) play important role in the microevolutionary studies. It is important to integrate micro and macroevolutionary patterns and processes in order to generate a more robust

..]]> Pathological disorders caused due to metazoan parasitic infestation were studied in the hill stream fishes of northwest Himalayan region. Host specificity was found to be one of the fundamental features of metazoan parasites which belonged to the class Cestoda, Nematoda, Trematoda and phylum Acanthocephala. The study indicates that a successful co-evolution of the host and its parasite has caused the adaptation of the later by developing evading mechanisms in order to avoid extinction. Besides t

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/rainfall-stability-and-drought-valuation-using-spi-over-southern-zone-of-tamil-nadu/ 2015-12-12 2018-12-07 Introduction Drought occurs over most parts of the world, even in wet and humid regions. This is because drought is distinct as a dry spell relative to its local normal condition. On the other hand, arid areas are prone to drought because their rainfall amount critically depends on a few rainfall events.2 Weather prediction agencies from all over the world forecast El Niño conditions in 2014 with impending danger of drought. The frequency of such events has been high in t

..]]> Drought is the most extensive hydro-meteorological pattern of prolonged period of water scarcity affecting natural resources and environment. However, it has significantly different characteristics from one region to another. Tamil Nadu agonizes from various disasters including droughts. Generally rainfall deviation from the long-term mean continues to be a widely adopted indicator for drought intensity assessment. The application of this indicator is strongly limited by its inherent nature of i

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/impacts-of-different-management-practices-on-physico-chemical-properties-of-soil-in-mid-hill-sub-humid-zone-ii-of-himachal-pradesh/ 2015-11-23 2018-12-08 Introduction The importance of combating environmental degradation in diverse human socio-economic activities has lead to increased calls for a shift to organic farming practices so as to improve the health of soils, ecosystems as well as people. The main idea behind organic farming is 'zero impact' on the environment. Increasing consciousness about conservation of environment as well as health hazards are the major factors that led to the growing interest in organic farming i

..]]> A study was conducted at Hill Agricultural Research and Extension centre Bajaura of CSK HP Krishi Vishvavidayalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh to investigate the Impacts of different management practices on physical as well as chemical properties of the soil. Sample analysis of three management practices i.e. organic, inorganic and integrated revealed that, water holding capacity was found to be highest in organic treatment (50.8%), followed by integrated (44.9%) and least in inorganic (40.2%) w

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/algae-as-bio-monitors-for-damodar-river-water-pollution/ 2015-12-05 2018-12-07 Introduction Population pressure, urbanization, industrialization by a long way, added up the huge amount of waste which is toxic and non-toxic to the aquatic ecosystems. These Pollutants alters the physico-chemical quality of water which eventually upset the biotic components of the aquatic system. Physico-chemical analyses show different concentrations of chemical pollutants, but they do not reflect its effect on ecological condition of water, as they do not integrate ecological factors.17

..]]> Damodar is an important tributary of Ganga river basin and cater the needs of industries and growing human population in the eastern part of India. Assessment of algal diversity was carried out to understand the impact of coal mining and allied industrial activities on the ecological condition of Damodar river basin. Surface water and algal samples were collected in the summer (2009) from ten sites along the Damodar River. Bio-monitoring of algal diversity showed high organic pollution load in t

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/effect-and-accumulation-of-lanthanum-on-the-growth-and-physiological-activities-of-cymbopogon-flexuosus-nees-ex-steud-w-watson/ 2015-11-17 2018-12-07 Introduction Rare earth elements are series of seventeen chemical elements which include the lanthanide series from Lanthanum (La), Scanadium (Sc), Tolutetium (Lu), and Yttrium (Y) in the periodic table.1 They are known as ‘‘rare earth elements’’ because most of them were isolated as oxide from rare minerals in the 18th and 19th century.2 The entire world stores an estimated 100 million metric tons of rare earth oxide (REO) and the regions havi

..]]> The rare earth elements are a set of seventeen chemical elements which involve the lanthanide series from Lanthanum (La), Tolutetium (Lu), Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium (Y) in the periodic table. Even if Rare Earth Elements are used widely in industry and agriculture in China as well as India for a long time, there has been increasing interest in the application of REEs to plants in recent years. In this paper, we discussed the effect of REE on growth and physiological activities of the plant. By c

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/effect-of-a-nitrogen-fixing-actinorhizal-shrub-on-herbaceous-vegetation-in-a-mixed-conifer-forest-of-central-himalaya/ 2015-12-11 2018-12-07 Introduction The herbaceous layer plays an important role in forest ecosystem; it contains the highest number of species and nutrient cycling (Gilliam, 2007; Jhariya et al., 2013, Parihaar et al., 2014). This layer is also responsible for approximately 12% of the Gross Photosynthetic Production (GPP) of a forest ecosystem (Bargali and Bargali, 2000; Muller, 2003). Herbaceous vegetation also affect regeneration of trees therefore, has important implications for the regeneration of trees (Chand

..]]> In this study, we examined the effect of a nitrogen-fixing shrub Coriaria nepalensis Wall on herb species composition, diversity and biomass. The effect was measured in terms of species richness, diversity and biomass of herb species in three sites varying in Coriaria density viz. site 1 (low Coriaria density; 20 ha-1), site-2 (medium Coriaria density; 120 ha-1) and site-3 (high Coriaria density 190 ha-1).  Species richness was minimum at Site-1 (16 species), and maximum at site-2 (27 s

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/water-quality-assessment-using-physico-chemical-parameters-and-heavy-metals-of-gobind-sagar-lake-himachal-pradesh-india/ 2015-12-15 2018-12-07 Introduction India is facing a serious problem of natural resources scarcity, especially that of water in view of population growth and economic development.1 Most of fresh water bodies all over the world are getting polluted, thus decreasing the portability of water.2&3 We need water for different purposes such as dinking, irrigation, industries, swimming, fishing etc. Thus water for different purposes has its own requirements in terms of composition and purity as w

..]]> Today the environment has become harmful for the health of living organisms due to excessive pollution and contamination of natural resources. The present investigation has been carried out with the objective to assess the water quality of the Gobind Sagar Lake, Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh (India) using physico-chemical parameters with heavy metals of the lake. For this study, three sampling sites were identified and samples from different sites were collected in summer season and import

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/an-overview-of-use-of-linz-donawitz-ld-steel-slag-in-agriculture/ 2015-11-09 2018-12-08 Introduction Steel plant slag is a solid industrial waste generated from steel industries in production of steel and mainly these wastes includes blast furnace and steel melting slag (open hearth or LD process slag). It can be categorized as carbon steel slag and stainless steel slag according to the type of steel, and as pretreatment slag, Linz-Donawitz (LD) converter slag, electrical arc furnace slag (EAFS), ladle refining slag and casting residue according to the steelmaking process (Meng

..]]> Slag generated from basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or Linz-Donawitz (LD) converter is one of the recyclable wastes in integrated steel plants. This paper deals with the present and possible use of LD slag in agriculture. At present, the amount of slag deposited in storage yard, leading to the occupation of farm land and serious pollution to the environment. Improving the slag utilization is an important way to resolve these problems. The physical and chemical characteristics of steel slag were analy

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/design-and-development-of-solar-cooker-cum-dryer/ 2015-11-06 2018-12-07 Introduction Solar energy has been continued to utilize by various countries since 1900’s. In the present era a variety of the techniques are there, to utilize solar energy in various aspects of households and commercial sectors. Cooking, water heating, desalination, power generation, heating and cooling of buildings, even lightening now can be operated on solar energy in different households and commercial sectors worldwide.11 This energy is radiated from the sun in all directions

..]]> Solar energy represents non-polluting, inexhaustible renewable source of energy that can be utilized economically to supply man's needs for all the time. A solar cooker cum dryer was designed, developed and fabricated. The performance evaluation of the system was carried out. The solar cooker was used as the solar collector for the solar dryer. A solar cooker having size 750mm x 600mm x 150mm has been developed. The solar dryer was designed with 0.49 m2 collector area. The collector angl

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/groundwater-resources-as-influenced-by-climatic-change-in-shetrunji-basin-of-gujarat-state-india/ 2015-10-24 2018-12-07 Introduction About sixty-seven percent of irrigation water applied to crop through runoff and evaporation. Though, the evaporation is significant component of irrigation efficiency, not much attention has been given to it. Generally, irrigation water applied in agriculture is based on experience of farmer. So, evaporation component should be incorporated in development of any irrigation project or plan. The plant losses their water through the process of evaporation and transpiration. Evapotr

..]]> The estimation of climatic alteration influencing on groundwater recharge will help to prepare a future plan for groundwater development and management planning for the basin. It will also be helpful for agriculture as well as other resource planning. The required shift in cropping pattern can also be judged. The study was undertaken for Shetrunji river basin having an area of 5646.98 km2. The entire area was found consisting of 17 watersheds. The climate change impact on Rainfall, Runoff and es

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/an-evaluation-of-economic-impact-on-juvenile-landings-of-cephalopods-in-mumbai-waters-northwest-coast-of-india/ 2015-10-21 2018-12-07 Introduction: Cephalopod fishery comprises mainly of squid, cuttlefish and octopus and forms high valued seafood commodity next to shrimp being exploited principally by trawl gear.16,29 Maharashtra occupies second position in cephalopod fishery of the country.4 The species commercially exploited are Indian squid U.(P.) duvaucelii, Ovalbone cuttlefish Sepia elliptica, Pharaoh Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis, Spineless cuttlefish Sepiella inermis and Old women octopus Cistopus indi

..]]> Economic assessment of juvenile landings of 5 dominant cephalopods at New Ferry Wharf (NFW) landing centre, Mumbai was carried out during January to December, 2013. Dominant cephalopod fishery recorded include one species of squid, Uroteuthis (P) duvaucelii, three species of cuttlefishes, Sepia elliptica, Sepia pharaonis, Sepiella inermis and a species of octopus, Cistopus indicus together contributing 98% of total cephalopod landings. Estimated total annual economic gain calculated using bioeco

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/biomass-accumulation-and-carbon-stocks-in-13-different-clones-of-teak-tectona-grandis-linn-f-in-odisha-india/ 2015-10-15 2018-12-07 Introduction Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have been increasing alarmingly since the pre-industrial era and is mostly driven by population growth and industrialization. Today, the world is confronted with the challenges or concerns of anthropogenic induced climate change which is adversely affecting economic and social progress across continents. In its fifth assessment report, Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change (IPCC) has highlighted the need of additional mitigation efforts

..]]> The rate of biomass accumulation and carbon stocks of 13 different clones of Teak in Odisha were studied to identify the promising genotypes suitable for massive clonal plantations in Odisha. ORANP2 produced highest biomass among the 13 clones of teak i.e. 223.72m3/ha, while ORANP1 registered lowest value of 64.05m3/ha in regards to biomass accumulation. The total carbon stock values were found in the range of 32.02-111.86t/ha for 13 different clones of teak. The Mean Annual Increment (MAI) valu

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/seasonal-variation-in-ph-and-alkalinity-of-groundwaters-in-sidhi-district-central-india/ 2015-10-01 2018-12-07 Introduction Groundwater is the most esteemed wealth of nature for sustenance of life on earth and any developmental activity. Despite being a common commodity, water is scarce on the earth and has no substitute. As per Kumar et al., 2005 retrieval of safe drinking water is imperative, as 30 % of urban and 90% of rural Indian population depends utterly on untreated groundwater resources. Understanding of the hydrogeochemical processes and pollutant source and regular monitoring of water quali

..]]> A study of pH and alkalinity in thirty-nine groundwater locations in the semi-arid region of Central India was carried out with the objective of monitoring and controlling the groundwater pollution seasonally. The study area was Sidhi district bounded by Son river in North, Gopad river in the east, Banas river in the west and Kusmi forest in the south. Geologically, the entire Sidhi district is dissected into Vindhyan, Archean, Dharwar and Permian regions. The study revealed higher alkalinity in

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/investigation-of-impacts-of-mining-and-transportation-activities-on-ambient-air-quality-of-dhanbad-city/ 2015-10-14 2018-12-07 Introduction Air pollution is a major concern before scientific communities and policy makers all over the world, especially in developing countries. With the rapid growth in population, urbanization, industrialization and economic growth, there is a steady surge in demand of mining and energy sectors. This puts a substantial pressure on the environmental regime, particularly on the ambient air. The mining and energy industries are the foremost sectors responsible for the severe deterioration

..]]> The present study was intended to emphasize the assessment of ambient air quality of Dhanbad city with respect to PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOX concentrations, in order to investigate the impact of mining and transportation activities. From the monitoring and analysis at four selected monitoring stations during winter and summer seasons, significant spatial variation in pollutant (PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOX) concentrations is quite evident. The concentrations of PM10 were observed highest in mining are

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/green-banking-for-environmental-management-a-paradigm-shift/ 2015-09-24 2018-12-07 Introduction Banks can play a crucial role in maintaining sustainability by becoming a promoter of sustainability. Sustainable development tends to shift the focus of the business fraternity from their traditional bottom line approach of profit to the approach of triple bottom line where the focus lies on three Ps i.e. People (society), Planet (environment) and Profit (economy) and the decision point is the point of intersection of the three considerations (Fig. 1). F

..]]> The present era of industrialization and globalization has added a lot of comfort and luxury to human life but has also lead to an alarming situation of huge environmental degradation incorporated with all the involved activities. Today, the entire sector in the world economy is facing huge challenge to deal with the environmental problems and their related impacts in their day to day businesses. Not only the business firms have realized the importance of the environment but more than that an im

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/physico-chemical-analysis-of-groundwater-quality-of-adjoining-areas-of-sambhar-lake-a-ramsar-wetland-of-rajasthan-india/ 2015-09-12 2018-12-07 Introduction During the past three decades, because of increased small and large scale industries in the country along with increasing population, there is a pressure on ground water resources.1 It has been observed that nearly 10% of population is devoid of safe drinking water.2 In India more than 90% of population of several states is dependent on groundwater resource for drinking and other purposes.3 Presently groundwater is a source used for agricultura

..]]> Water is not only essential for drinking but also needed for agriculture and industrial use. However, for safe and sustainable use of water for any sector, its quality is to be ensured. Therefore, the study was carried out for water quality of samples collected from different sites in the Lake periphery as well as in the catchment areas. Groundwater samples were collected from different locations of Sambhar Lake city and its adjoining area for their physico-chemical studies. The standard methods

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/composting-of-calotropis-gigantea-leaves-using-mix-dung-of-buffalo-cow-goat-and-sheep/ 2015-09-12 2018-12-08 Introduction The population of buffalo, sheep, goat and cattle in 2012 in India is 105, 71.6, 140.5, and 199.1 Million.1 They produce a huge amount of dung per day which is a good fertilizer but it is not managed in a scientific manner. Use of raw dung as such or in the form of farm yard manure causes nutrients loss. The nutrient’s content of this dung can be increased by composting. Composting is a process in which the microflora and macroflora of dung degrades the materia

..]]> Under shed at Biogas Research and Extension Centre, Gujarat Vidyapith, Sadara, District- Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, a composting pit was prepared by bricks and filled with mixture of 10 kg dung (2.5 kg each of cow, buffalo, sheep and goat) and 2 kg leaves of Calotropis gigantea. The mixture was well mixed at 15 days interval and samples were analysed for various physico-chemical properties at monthly interval of composting upto 90 days. Results show that compared to values of various physico-c

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/environmental-impact-of-cage-culture-on-poondi-reservoir-tamil-nadu/ 2015-09-14 2018-12-07 Introduction Cage culture is commonly practiced worldwide in both freshwater and marine environments, including open ocean, estuaries, lakes, ponds and reservoirs.1,2 Cage cultured fish are entirely dependent on formulated diets.3 Relatively small portion of the organic matter and inorganic nutrients in feed applied to cages is transformed to fish biomass. It is estimated that for every ton of fish production in cage culture, 132.5 kg of nitrogen and 25.0 kg of phosphorus ar

..]]> The present investigation was carried out in Poondi reservoir, Tamil Nadu, for a period of 8 months from September, 2014 to April, 2015 where the cage culture has been already initiated by the state fisheries department. The water and sediment samples were collected from the reservoir at point and non- point sources of the cage culture units and were analyzed for their physico-chemical parameters. The total microbial load, E. coli and feacal streptococci population were also assessed from the re

..]]> https://mail.cwejournal.org/vol10no3/geomorphosites-and-geotourism-in-the-kavir-national-park-central-iran/ 2015-11-26 2018-12-07 Introduction     Iran is a country of great culture and advanced civilization, and its natural and cultural heritage diversity has made it one of the top ten world tourism countries, and its archaeological, cultural, natural and geological attractions has created an excellent platform for development of geotourism.1 Geotourism, as a tourism subcategory has become an important part of tourism studies. Iran has a beautiful&

..]]> Geotourism and geomorphotourism are considered the most important sub-categories of tourism industry in recent years, and their systematic development based on the principles of proper planning and creating required infrastructure ­ can have a direct impact on sustainable development of every country. With regard to the climate and tectonic conditions, Iran has the most versatile landforms and ­exquisite geological phenomena that can a

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